tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25478156402907688612024-02-19T12:06:41.025+08:00 ♐ 獨立蒼茫 獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.comBlogger313125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-35228016153744311462018-11-06T21:58:00.002+08:002018-11-06T21:58:50.019+08:002018年10項公投內涵解析(7)~第9、13案<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: #073763; font-size: small;">這二項</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #073763; font-size: small;">公投案,與其他案關聯性比較低,所以,放在最後解析,也是這一系公投案內涵法律解析的完結篇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">一、</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">第<span lang="EN-US">9</span>案的主文是</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">『</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">你是否同意政府維持禁止開放福島<span lang="EN-US">311</span>核災相關地區,包括福島與周遭<span lang="EN-US">4</span>縣市</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">(</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">茨城、櫪木、群馬、千葉</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">)</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">等地區農產品及食品進口</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">』</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">提案人也是國民黨,由副主席郝龍斌領銜,訴求目的是反核食</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -24pt;">。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1、</span></span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">目前政府政策即是不同意開放主文所示那些地區的農產品及食品進口,但由於提案內容是訴求『維持禁止』,一旦通過,政府至少在<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年內不得變更,改為開放。所以,此公投案仍屬有實際效用的重大政策創制案。這一點與第<span lang="EN-US">10</span>案『你是否同意《民法》婚姻規定應限定在一男一女的結合?』內容既非立法原則的創制,也非法律的複決不同(請參閱此系列解析文章(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)),請大家細玩其中的差異。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至於該不該繼續禁止或應開放?這應該是專業風險評估以及如何與社會大眾對話的風險溝通問題,可惜卻被完全政治化操作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">由於此案關係台、日兩國間的貿易、外交,甚至可能涉及世界貿易組織(<span lang="EN-US">WTO</span>)規範,而且具有高度區域政治敏感性,因此,建議公民朋友們在決定此公投案要如何投票前,可以思考為何全世界國家目前僅剩中國與台灣禁止進口?其他絕大多數國家同意開放進口的理由是甚麼?我們要繼續禁止進口的理由又是甚麼?這些絕大多數同意進口的國家,對於我們所持禁止進口的理由,在他們自己國家內曾否出現?又是如何看待、理解?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">其次應思考的是,政府如欲開放進口,所端出的配套措施如產地標示、邊境抽驗比率等等是否足夠?大家對配套措施的落實執行,是否有足夠信心?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">另外,縱使重新進口,如大家仍心有不安,我們也還有選擇買或不買的自由。以早年美國火雞肉開放進口為例,當初擔心衝擊本土雞肉與養雞業,結果因為台灣民眾不喜歡其口感,雷大雨小,很快地絕大部分都退出台灣市場的案例可以參考。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有趣的是,此案是由副主席擔當領銜人的國民黨提案。從新聞報導看起來,似乎國民黨中央與大部分立委又都支持第<span lang="EN-US">16</span>案《以核養核並增煤》公投,但第<span lang="EN-US">16</span>案的提案人核能流言終結者卻幾乎把核能美化得完美無缺與毫無核災風險。雖然第<span lang="EN-US">9</span>、<span lang="EN-US">16</span>兩案所需界定的風險範疇、評估項目、管理對策、溝通對象等,完全不同,但將此兩件提案背後所呈現的價值觀或風險意識對照來看,仍有自相矛盾之處!更突兀的是,根據中選會公布的各公投案辯論會,黃士修先生竟然擔任第<span lang="EN-US">9</span>案反方的其中一場辯論,究竟是衷心認為主文所示那些地區的農產品及食品已經安全無虞或風險已可容忍?又或是反串?還是只因擁核,為了立場不得不勉為其難挺身反對此公投案?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在此僅提醒大家投此公投案前,可以針對以上問題、以及自己所取得的資訊,多一些思考後,再自行決定如何投下這一票?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">二、</span></span><!--[endif]-->第<span lang="EN-US">13</span>案的主文是『你是否同意,以「台灣」(<span lang="EN-US">Taiwan</span>)全名申請所有國際運動賽事及<span lang="EN-US">2020</span>年東京奧運?』。提案人是東京奧運台灣正名公投發起人紀政。</span></h4>
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<li>此一提案,顯而易見,也是一項從無到有的重大政策的創制案。而且,所牽涉的範圍,不單單只是國內運動事務,而是希望透過此一公投,展現台灣民意給奧會、乃至國際看。</li>
<li>當然,提案人的用心令人佩服,但縱然通過,其效力也只是台灣政府必須用「台灣」(<span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 0.05pt;">Taiwan</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0.05pt;">)名義申請參加所有國際運動賽事及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 0.05pt;">2020</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0.05pt;">年東京奧運。所以,大家必須要先理解的是,此公投案縱然通過,僅僅規範了(也就是二年內限制了)政府必須用「台灣」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 0.05pt;">Taiwan</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0.05pt;">)名義提出申請參賽。</span></li>
<li>但接下來會出現的問題,是國際運動賽事的主辦國、主辦單位會不會接受?國際奧會又可不可能改變之前「中華台北」模式?如果這些國際運動賽事的主辦國、主辦單位以及國際奧會都拒絕接受,政府又受制於此公投案法律效力,無法用其他名義另外提出申請,會產生什麼後果?縱使可以再更換申請人名義,還來得及嗎?</li>
<li>最重要的是,台灣運動選手的參賽資格會否因而受影響?提案人認為不會受影響,中華奧會則認為會。阿貴坦承無法評估、也不知道這些國際運動賽事的主辦國、主辦單位以及國際奧會是否都會拒絕接受台灣政府用「台灣」(<span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 0.05pt;">Taiwan</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0.05pt;">)名義提出申請參賽?如果拒絕,會不會實際影響台灣選手參賽資格?唯一可以確信的是對岸中國勢必卯盡全力打壓。面對形勢比人強的國際現實,台灣政府是否會因公投案效力而喪失檯面下運作舖陳空間,因而無法運作並找出最具天時、地利、人和的時機來正名?如此一來,究竟台灣運動選手無法參賽的風險有多高?他們知道嗎?願意一起承擔嗎?</span></li>
<li>所以,面對此一公投案,只能呼籲大家領票、投票前,請先將上述問題、可能風險以及其他公民朋友們自己已知悉的事項或歸納的心得再仔細想想,再來決定怎麼投下這一票。</li>
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<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-19430006647681111672018-11-05T22:16:00.001+08:002018-11-05T22:16:14.930+08:00 2018年10項公投內涵解析(6)~第12、14案<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此二案在大方向上可以歸類為對類似事項</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(但非同一事項)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的正、反提案,所以,合併解析。但其實對於引導一般公民如何解讀司法院釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">748</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號大法官解釋</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,彼此暗中較勁激烈。</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h4>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; text-indent: -24pt;">一、</span><span style="color: #7030a0; text-indent: -24pt;">第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>案的主文是</span><span style="color: #7030a0; text-indent: -24pt;">『</span><span style="color: #7030a0; text-indent: -24pt;">你是否同意以《民法》婚姻規定以外之其他形式來保障同性別二人經營永久共同生活的權益</span><span style="color: #7030a0; text-indent: -24pt;">?』</span><span style="color: #7030a0; text-indent: -24pt;">提案人是「下一代幸福聯盟」曾獻瑩理事長。</span></h4>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此公投案,很清楚是立法原則的創制,但<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">須注意的是,此公投案想創制的立法原則,並不是非常多人以為的『另立專法』</b>,而是有訴求用『《民法》婚姻規定以外的『其他形式』來保障同性別二人經營永久共同生活的權益。』也就是說,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">此公投提案是要捍衛現有《民法》的婚姻制度,希望透過公投來限制立法院不能直接予以修改。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這一點請大家對照其提案理由以下這一段:「</span>司法院大法官<span lang="EN-US"> 748
</span>號解釋之意旨,係要求法律應保障同性別二人經營永久生活的權益。至於同性別二人之永久生活權益如何保障,立法形成範圍包括「修正婚姻章、於民法親屬編另立專章、制定特別法或其他形式」。因此,創制以「民法婚姻規定以外形式保障同性權益」之立法原則,使立法者考慮採取透過民法婚姻以外之其他形式保障同性二人之永久結合關係,此自屬釋字第<span lang="EN-US"> 748 </span>號解釋所謂立法形成之範圍以內,洵為適法。誠如司法院釋字第<span lang="EN-US"> 748 </span>號解釋指出,目前法制上因未能使相同性別之二人成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,此規範不足之部分違憲,因此,若法制上以任何形式使同性二人得以成立永久結合關係,則我國民法親屬編第<span lang="EN-US"> 2 </span>章婚姻規定,即無牴觸憲法意旨之虞。至於立法者未來要以何種形式提供同性二人得以成立永久結合關係,釋字第<span lang="EN-US"> 748 </span>號解釋表示此屬立法形成之範圍。故本件以「民法婚姻規定以外之形式保障同性權益」的公投案,實屬督促有關機關僅採取民法婚姻以外之適當保護途徑來維護同性別二人得成立永久結合關係(例如制定特別法、或其他形式等適當途徑)<span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」就可以更加一目了然。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">簡單地說,此公投案就是主張反對用民法的婚姻制度來承認同性婚姻</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">至於要用什麼其他形式來保障「</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">為經營共同生活目的,而成立具有親密性及排他性的永久結合關係</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」,則不介意</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。而其主文、理由,形式上完全緊扣司法院釋字第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋,但實際上卻逸脫了其解釋意旨,讓人不得不承認其法律技巧頗為嫻熟。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4、</span></span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">細究</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">司法院釋字第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋文與理由書</b>,可以整理大法官們的意旨如下:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->司法院過去<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">並未就相同性別二人得否結婚作成解釋。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">適婚人民而無配偶者,本有結婚自由,包含「是否結婚」暨「與何人結婚」之自由(本院釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">362</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">號解釋參照)。該項自主決定攸關人格健全發展與人性尊嚴之維護,為重要之基本權(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">a fundamental right</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">),應受憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">22</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">條之保障。按相同性別二人為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,既不影響不同性別二人適用婚姻章第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">1</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">節至第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">5</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">節有關訂婚、結婚、婚姻普通效力、財產制及離婚等規定,亦未改變既有異性婚姻所建構之社會秩序;且相同性別二人之婚姻自由,經法律正式承認後,更可與異性婚姻共同成為穩定社會之磐石。復鑑於婚姻自由,攸關人格健全發展與人性尊嚴之維護,就成立上述親密、排他之永久結合之需求、能力、意願、渴望等生理與心理因素而言,其不可或缺性,於同性性傾向者與異性性傾向者間並無二致,均應受憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">22</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">條婚姻自由之保障。現行婚姻章規定,未使相同性別二人,得為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,顯屬立法上之重大瑕疵。於此範圍內,與憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">22</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">條保障人民婚姻自由之意旨有違。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">解釋文提到:「至於以何種形式達成婚姻自由之平等保護,屬立法形成之範圍。」理由書則更詳細闡述:「至以何種形式(例如修正婚姻章、於民法親屬編另立專章、制定特別法或其他形式),使相同性別二人,得為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,達成婚姻自由之平等保護,屬立法形成之範圍。)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">大法官們固然尊重立法院可以自行決定以何種形式來導正此一違憲問題,但也建立了一項前提</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">~</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">就是必須要達成婚姻自由之平等保護</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">偏偏此<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>案公投</b>,在法律文字技巧上,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">刻意切割「</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">為經營共同生活目的,而成立具有親密性及排他性的永久結合關係</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」與「婚姻自由下的婚姻制度」</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,企圖將司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋意旨框限在僅保障前者,而不及後者。也因此,在其字面之外,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">仍顯露出歧視與違反司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋所高舉的『</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">婚姻自由之平等保護</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">基上說明,仍<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">建議大家對此第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>案投下不同意票。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">二、</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第<span lang="EN-US">14</span>案的主文是</span><span style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">『</span><span style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">您是否同意,以《民法》婚姻章保障同性別二人建立婚姻關係?</span><span style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』</span><span style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">提案人是平權公投召集人苗博雅</span><span style="color: #7030a0; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span></h4>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">毫無疑問,此一公投提案也是立法原則的創制,主要訴求是希望落實婚姻平權,將同性婚姻直接訂進《民法》的婚姻制度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">其提案理由也是依循</span>釋字第<span lang="EN-US"> 748 </span>號解釋的脈絡,只是簡單地希望透過公投要求立法院直接修改《民法》親屬篇婚姻章,落實『<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">婚姻自由之平等保護</span></b>』<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這從其理由以下這一段也可以充分看得出來:「</span>讓天下的有情人,都可以不被歧視、受到法律保障、共同經營生活。讓每一個人不分性傾向,都能享有進入『民法婚姻制度』的權利,真正達成大法官所說『婚姻自由的平等保護』。而不是『同性限用專法』下,號稱平等,實則『隔離』的歧視<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">由於如何落實、達成,大法官們是採取開放態度,尊重立法形成自由,且<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">此公投案內容,最符合司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋『</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">婚姻自由之平等保護</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』的意旨,因此,呼籲大家踴躍投同意票</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-8197773367375455582018-11-05T16:10:00.003+08:002018-11-05T16:11:30.292+08:00 2018年公投內涵解析(5)~第10、11、15案<br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">由於第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">10</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">11</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">15</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">案性質接近或屬正反面,因此,於此篇一併解析,以利對照。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">12</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">案與第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">14</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">案另文解析。</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一、</span><!--[endif]-->第<span lang="EN-US">10</span>案是『你是否同意,《民法》婚姻規定應限定在一男一女的結合?』提案人是「下一代幸福聯盟」理事長曾獻瑩,訴求是不要修改現行民法一男一女結合的婚姻制度。</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1、</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">由於現在民法的婚姻制度就是一男一女的結合,所以,<b>此提案既非透過立法原則的創制</b></span><b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,要求立法機關</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">修改既有民法規定或</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">制定新法,使</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民法的婚姻制度限定在一男一女的結合;</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">也不是要複決一男一女結合的既有民法婚姻制度,使其失效</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">主文內容也不涉及重大政策的創制或複決。所以,性質上既不是法律之複決,也不是立法原則的創制,更非重大政策的創制或複決,簡單地說,這<b>根本是一項無意義乃至無效的公投提案。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因此,縱使公投通過,也根本無法產生公投法第<span lang="EN-US">30</span>條的法律效果,行政機關既無法也無需為實現此公投案的內容而為任何必要處置。同時,也改變不了立法機關必須遵循司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋所下應給予『同性結婚的權利』修法的方向與期限。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">針對主文內容,大家更應重視的是<b>『應限定在』</b>這幾個字的用語,這<b>是一種對人民基本權的限制,從時代潮流來看,已經違反憲法第<span lang="EN-US">7</span>條平等權保障、第<span lang="EN-US">22</span>條基本人權概括保障條款(可以導出應保障同性結婚)、以及逾越第<span lang="EN-US">23</span>條所揭示的法律保留原則與比例原則</b>,也就是除為防止妨礙他人自由、避免緊急危難、維持社會秩序或增進公共利益所必要,否則,不可以用法律來限制人民各種自由權利。以婚姻而言,不管是同性結婚或異性結婚,都是兩個人、最多加上兩個家族的事,並不會妨礙他人自由,也與社會秩序或公共利益沒有直接相關,所以,時至<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世紀,實在看不出也找不到還有任何繼續限制同性婚姻的必要性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4、</span></b><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果仔細斟酌司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋文的意旨,其重點在於指出『</span>民法第<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">4</span>編親屬第<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2</span>章婚姻規定,未使相同性別二人,得為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,於此範圍內,與憲法第<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">22</span>條保障人民婚姻自由及第<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">7</span>條保障人民平等權之意旨有違。<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』也就是說,<b>司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋並不是在創設同性結婚的新權利,而是透過認定過去民法限定一男一女結合的婚姻制度是違憲、是不對的</b>,<b>要求行政機關應該在<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年內完成改正,來恢復原本既屬於憲法第<span lang="EN-US">22</span>條婚姻自由但過往被不當限制的基本人權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5、</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至於提案人或其他反同婚人士,用盡各種想像、猜測的可能情形與恫嚇、謾罵的字眼(內容繁多不及備載,請大家自行搜尋),部分可能是來自他們的不安、也有讓人看出是充滿偏見與歧視;更有部分惡毒的謾罵,只是讓人看破他們骨子裡的卑劣。難道在過往異性婚姻制度下的家庭、社會乃至宗教界,由異性戀人士所犯下的亂倫、雜交與性侵等罪行,不也比比皆是嗎?這可能是來自人類潛在的劣根性,與性別傾向有何直接關係?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6、<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #351c75;">基於以上說明,建議大家對第<span lang="EN-US">10</span>案投不同意票。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二、</span><!--[endif]-->第<span lang="EN-US">11</span>案主文是『你是否同意,在國民教育階段內(國中及國小),教育部及各級學校不應對學生實施《性別平等教育法施行細則》所定之同志教育?』,提案人也是「下一代幸福聯盟」理事長曾獻瑩,訴求同志教育不要進入國民教育。</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li>依阿貴粗淺瞭解,目前國中在性別平等教育中已有關於同志的介紹課程,小學則還沒有(如有錯誤,請不吝指正)。對照此公投案主文內容,對於已有<span style="text-indent: -18pt;">性別平等教育的</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -18pt;">國中教育而言,應該算是重大政策的複決;但對於尚無</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">性別平等教育的小學教育而言,則應屬重大政策的創制。一項公投提案,具備兩種性質,這不知是否為提案人始料所及?</span></li>
<li>由於<b>主文用語是用『不應』,也是限制意味濃厚</b>,一樣會有違反憲法第<span lang="EN-US">7</span>條、第<span lang="EN-US">22</span>條的疑慮。<b>尤其其提案理由內容</b>:「<span style="text-indent: -18pt;">基於保護兒少身心健康之重大公共利益,教育部及各級學校不應對國民中小學階段之學生實施同志教育;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">…</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">有鑑於青少年的身心發育正值青春期的年齡,他們會經歷一段同性密友期的發展階段,因此強調同志價值取向的性別教育政策、吹捧同志形象為時髦風尚的政策立場,很容易導致正值同性密友期、身心尚未成熟的兒少放棄對於異性男女之認識及互動成長的機
會,轉而遁入同性情誼關係,盼望在同性之間比較輕省不費勁地尋求被了解與接納。倘若如是,因著強調同志教育的性平教育,極易將原本經過諮商輔導以後會進入兩性自然互動的學生,導引至同性結合的關係,影響兒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 4</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">少身心發展甚鉅,徒然混淆同性密友期階段學生的性別 認同及性傾向發展,而嚴重妨礙保護兒少身心健康之公共利益。準此,本公投案旨在保護國民中小學學生之身心健康與人格形塑,具有目的正當性;以廢止國民教育階段之同志教育的方式,達到避免造成心智成長中學生性別
認同及性傾向發展的混淆、並促成兒少身心健康之目的,手段與目的間具有實質關聯,符合手段必要性;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">…</span><span style="color: #333333; text-indent: -18pt;">」<b>字裡行間豪不遮掩地充滿歧視</b>,讓人反感厭惡!</span></li>
<li><b style="color: #351c75; text-indent: -18pt;">基於與前案相同理由,也呼籲大家對第<span lang="EN-US">11</span>案投不同意票</b><span style="color: #351c75; text-indent: -18pt;">。</span></li>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">三、</span><!--[endif]-->第<span lang="EN-US">15</span>案的主文是『您是否同意,以《性別平等教育法》明定在國民教育各階段內實施性別平等教育,且內容應涵蓋情感教育、性教育、同志教育等課程?』提案人東吳大學法律學系博士生、「法律白話文運動」編輯成員王鼎棫,訴求國民教育應含有全面性的性平教育。</span></b></div>
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<li>公投提案,是希望透過《性別平等教育法》來明定國民教育各階段均應實施性別平等教育,而且其內容應涵蓋情感教育、性教育、同志教育等課程。性質上<b style="text-indent: -24pt;">屬於立法原則的創制,而且非常技巧地將性平教育應涵蓋的項目,都包裹在立法原則之內,一旦通過,權責機關所應該做的必要處置,難有模糊空間</b><span style="text-indent: -24pt;">。</span><b style="text-indent: -24pt;">是這<span lang="EN-US">10</span>項公投案中,阿貴認為法律技巧最嫻熟、內容最完整、精準的提案</b><span style="text-indent: -24pt;">。</span></li>
<li>由於提案內容是爭取盡早於國民教育各階段,導入全面性的性別平等教育,無如第<span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -24pt;">11</span><span style="text-indent: -24pt;">案充滿歧視、限制平等,</span><span style="color: #351c75; text-indent: -24pt;"><b>呼籲大家對第<span lang="EN-US">15</span>案踴躍投同意票。 </b></span></li>
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<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-62278277887940651072018-11-04T11:36:00.002+08:002018-11-05T09:48:17.504+08:002018年10項公投內涵解析(4)~第16案<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRCNAdy4T6lMHE7QJ_c4eo4sLbhyphenhyphenWkHDzT5dU7oAHEhR7YRQcKLPQMe9KKoVYPtEebLXEZg3H2hR6o9gCmFaimRanHvXqueAX-TF8SIysZbE9nIuArWb12vndFYB9qEuWgxTDG1kjZNjDB/s1600/%25E6%2596%25B0%25E5%25A2%259E+Microsoft+PowerPoint+%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E5%25A0%25B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="1600" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRCNAdy4T6lMHE7QJ_c4eo4sLbhyphenhyphenWkHDzT5dU7oAHEhR7YRQcKLPQMe9KKoVYPtEebLXEZg3H2hR6o9gCmFaimRanHvXqueAX-TF8SIysZbE9nIuArWb12vndFYB9qEuWgxTDG1kjZNjDB/s640/%25E6%2596%25B0%25E5%25A2%259E+Microsoft+PowerPoint+%25E7%25B0%25A1%25E5%25A0%25B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第<span lang="EN-US">16</span>案的主文是『您是否同意:廢除電業法第<span lang="EN-US">95</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項,即廢除「核能發電設備應於中華民國<span lang="EN-US">114</span>年以前,全部停止運轉」之條文』,提案人核能流言終結者創辦人黃士修先生,訴求《以核養綠》。</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此一公投案,主文雖然寫成『您是否同意:廢除電業法第<span lang="EN-US">95</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項』,語意上容易讓人理解或誤解為公投通過後,仍須再透過修法予以刪除。但因為電業法第<span lang="EN-US">95</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項是<span lang="EN-US">2017</span>年<span lang="EN-US">1</span>月<span lang="EN-US">26</span>日所增訂,屬現在有效的法律,提案目的則是要透過公投讓電業法第<span lang="EN-US">95</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項(法律)失效,所以,雖然主文用語有可以再修改得更精準些的空間,仍無妨可以直接定性為法律之複決案。這是此次<span lang="EN-US">10</span>件公投案中,唯一僅見具有複決法律性質的公投案。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因為主文明確僅「專注」在廢除電業法第<span lang="EN-US">95</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項,所以,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">縱使此案公投通過,依公投法第<span lang="EN-US">30</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>款規定,其法律效果僅僅侷限在電業法第<span lang="EN-US">95</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項自公投結果公告後第<span lang="EN-US">3</span>日起自動失其效力而已</b>,與提案人黃士修先生在理由結語『以核能作為民生、經濟、國防的後盾,邁向「潔淨家園」』的目的訴求沒有直接相關,無法進一步要求政府做必要的處置以落實此一訴求。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">也就是說, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">縱使此案公投通過,核能流言終結者團體與其他包括馬英九前國民黨主席在內支持此案的擁核人士,也無法藉此要求政府應該讓核四重建與運轉、未來屆退的核一、核二與核三延役。</b>政府仍可依也應依環境基本法第<span lang="EN-US">23</span>條規定,繼續訂定計畫逐步達成非核家園目標。而達成非核家園目標的期程,也可以在此計畫(能源政策也算)中訂為<span lang="EN-US">2025</span>年。縱先不談環境基本法第<span lang="EN-US">23</span>條,政府仍可以依自己的能源政策與安全評估來決定核四是否重建?核一、核二與核三是否延役?所以,只能說此公投案固然是難得的複決法律案,但在能源政策與核能議題上,實際效用極為有限,連『養核』的真正目的,都無法直接發生效用(無法實現馬英九的核能<span lang="EN-US">20</span>%占比),遑論根本是詐騙的『養綠』訴求!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此公投案主文,明明很單純只是要廢除電業法所增訂的<span lang="EN-US">2025</span>年落實非核家園期限,從提案理由裡怎麼找,除了看到指稱台灣是孤立電網,再生能源與天然氣占比不適合過高;再生能源占比太高(他們認為<span lang="EN-US">20</span>%太高)會造成電價高漲等壓抑再生能源的說詞外,也根本找不到任何有關如何《養綠》的論述。勉強來說,可以看出有再生能源需要逐步發展時間的味道,但既然一再指稱再生能源的種種缺點,並反對再生能源,其逐步發展需要時間的說法,恐怕也只是他們擁核與廢止非核家園政策的魚目混珠藉口而已。而且在最後結論裡,已直接呼籲以發展核能作為民生、經濟、國防的後盾,邁向「潔淨家園」(卻對台灣位處高複合性天然災害風險地理特性,完全視若無睹,未置一詞);用以對照黃士修與馬英九兩人都曾說核能也是廣義的綠能並企圖將核能發電占比從現在的約<span lang="EN-US">8</span>%提高到<span lang="EN-US">20</span>%;加上他們刻意使用<span lang="EN-US">clean
energy </span>而非再生能源<span lang="EN-US">renewable energy</span>,並邁向潔淨家園<span lang="EN-US">clean home</span>,來誤導一般社會大眾以為他們是在談再生能源,顯然可見,所謂《以核養綠》,恐怕從頭到尾徹徹底底是掛羊頭賣狗肉的核能至上騙局。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有趣的是,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">此提案在理由裡嚴厲指控燃煤汙染嚴重影響國民健康,但黃士修找來合開《以核養綠》公投記者會的馬英九,卻逆向加碼燃煤發電的占比</b>(蔡政府主張<span lang="EN-US">2025</span>年降至<span lang="EN-US">30</span>%,馬逆向提高為<span lang="EN-US">40</span>%),而黃士修也甘之如飴,益見他們<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">所謂的《以核養綠》,根本應該正名為《以核養核並增煤》</b>。其實,擁核、非核,都是一種價值選擇,沒有一定誰對誰錯的問題,此一公投案讓人納悶不解乃至被取笑的癥結,在於<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">提案人黃士修與全力聲援的馬英九,何以不能堂堂正正地對外公開說這是徹徹底底的擁核公投?</b>基於以上說明,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">阿貴特別呼籲大家對此公投案投下不同意票!</b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至於核能流言終結者(本質上比較像是核能流言製造者)與一些擁核人士一再宣稱核能最便宜,那是因為刻意忽略用過核燃料棒與其他低階核廢料的處理成本,以及將這些可能需要千萬年小心控管貯存的責任都給我們的世世代代子孫。至於黃士修屢次宣稱所有能源廢棄物,目前只有核廢料(包括高階的用過核燃料棒喔)有技術可以處理,其他都還無法處理,只能說佩服他的臉皮厚度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7、</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , serif; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">此外,</span><span class="_4yxo" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">OECD(經濟合作暨發展組織)核能署2018年的</span><a data-lynx-mode="asynclazy" href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-nea.org%2Fndd%2Fpubs%2F2018%2F7298-full-costs-2018.pdf%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0ocvChzi1om3AhHwG-erXp52iOBCE4S51djqZ_SE6dRjD15n1lMwagjjg&h=AT03MFpEmI9F9qZfaIW9NALLqRYRUWS7Adw4JhjmeuAys4fIfyTFADXzPLXCcxhIem1ifa3tlJu-rxqckizt1WN8mA203oFtibE8k1JCPPSjKjShr7WLNj0jCPDIb4EkMjM" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank"><span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600;">最新報告</span></a><span class="_4yxo" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(文章頭的圖表引自此報告第155頁),也引述了</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , serif; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">歐盟執委會委託Ecofys進行估算的成果:</span><span class="_4yxo" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">核能的外部成本高於風能、太陽能或整體再生能源的外部成本</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , serif; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">。然而OECD核能署畢竟還是支持核能,所以其立場未必與Ecofys接受歐盟執行委員會委託進行估算的立場與目的一致,甚至可能企圖反駁、推翻。但如趙家緯博士所說:</span><span class="_4yxo" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">『</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , serif; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">檢視核能是否是對環境衝擊最小,安全且清潔的能源方式,須檢視其從鈾礦開採、燃料棒提煉、運轉再至核廢料處置過程中所出現的外部成本。依照歐盟執委會委託Ecofys、KPMG等知名顧問公司所進行的估算:若綜合考量氣候變遷、人體健康、生態品質、資源耗竭以及核災意外等環境衝擊,燃煤火力發電每單位的外部成本約在95歐元/MWh,燃氣火力則在34歐元/MWh,核電含核災風險時則為20歐元/MWh左右,其餘種類的再生能源多在14歐元/MWh以下。但核電外部成本最大不確定性來自核災意外成本的估算,依據Rabl等(2013)估算,核災外部成本最高可達23.8歐元/MWh,若以此數值估算時,核電外部成本將遠高於再生能源,甚至燃氣火力發電,故其實無法稱為「環境衝擊最小的清潔能源」</span><span class="_4yxo" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">』</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , serif; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(引自趙家緯博士《莫讓以核養綠延誤台灣能源轉型》一文,刊載於環經資訊中心2018,8,1)。被狠狠打臉的核終與擁核人士,要不要為過往誤導社會大眾的說詞公開認錯?</span></div>
<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-47861642068662408572018-11-04T11:29:00.000+08:002018-11-04T14:31:47.456+08:002018年10項公投內涵解析(3)~第8案<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHPfNJ5JKtljc48lxl1anc8UJiMjzWOK9DQGoQ6ude-2wwCRNTDsUuHGnrmxKIrNFwFJQE8cE9hCMvsSts_TDdLGXl9H9uctj-FwhcZFPFncsKC9kEeHyLGi53fhsoIfBK7Kf8n057P5W_/s1600/%25E5%258F%25B0%25E9%259B%25BB%25E6%2596%25B0%25E5%25A2%259E%25E9%2599%25A4%25E5%25BD%25B9%25E8%25A6%258F%25E5%258A%2583%25E8%25B3%2587%25E6%2596%25993.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="1062" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHPfNJ5JKtljc48lxl1anc8UJiMjzWOK9DQGoQ6ude-2wwCRNTDsUuHGnrmxKIrNFwFJQE8cE9hCMvsSts_TDdLGXl9H9uctj-FwhcZFPFncsKC9kEeHyLGi53fhsoIfBK7Kf8n057P5W_/s640/%25E5%258F%25B0%25E9%259B%25BB%25E6%2596%25B0%25E5%25A2%259E%25E9%2599%25A4%25E5%25BD%25B9%25E8%25A6%258F%25E5%258A%2583%25E8%25B3%2587%25E6%2596%25993.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>案的主文是</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">『</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">你是否同意確立</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">停止新建、擴建任何燃煤電廠或發電機組</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">包括深澳電廠擴建</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)」</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">之能源政策</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?』</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">提案人也是國民黨,由其政策會執行長林德福立委領銜。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此一公投案,從其提案理由看,完全是因深澳電廠而起,而且也是衝著深澳電廠而來,但主文是以停止新建或擴建任何燃煤電廠、發電機組為規範對象,所以,表面上看不會因為深澳電廠已經宣布停建並廢止環評結論而失去意義。然依反面解釋,老舊電廠的延役則不受約束。其性質也屬重大政策的創制,純就內容而言,與前案相比,遠較為具體可行。</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但由於現有政府能源政策關於電廠汰舊更新的期程部分,已排定至<span lang="EN-US">2026</span>年,其中新建或擴建電廠、機組,屬於燃煤電廠或機組部分,唯有深澳電廠。加上電廠新建、擴建,從評估、規劃到實際執行興建(非只完工營運),絕非短短<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年可以完成,而公投法第<span lang="EN-US">30</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">5</span>項規定賦予中大政策創制或複決的絕對拘束力卻只有<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年(之後政府可以變更),在深澳電廠已確定停建並廢止環評結論之後,此公投案的實際效益,已經極為有限。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如不考慮重大政策的創制或複決的絕對拘束力僅<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年的法律規範(政府可以繼續遵循而不予以變更),將此案與前案對照,則會看出彼此間隱含的矛盾:前者僅要求逐年降低火力發電量<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%,屬於電力調度範疇,並不限制電廠汰舊更新;此案則要求完全停止新建或擴建燃煤電廠與機組。因此,比較需要審慎評估的是,如果二案都通過,加在一起的「共伴效應」會對台灣的能源供給產生如何影響?國民黨在提案前瞭解嗎?評估過嗎?有相應對策嗎?經努力搜尋毫無結果看起來,很可能是沒有。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">國民黨馬前總統執政時期,除了其中央政府擁護核能與支持核四完工運轉(與同黨執政的新北市府不同調)外,一直沒有具體的能源政策,馬英九的國師梁啟源更完全輕視再生能源,所以,即便建建停停長達<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年且弊端層出不窮的核四,因為日本福島核災而被迫封存,馬政府<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年再生能源的進展仍然非常有限,外界對馬英九執政時的能源配比也仍毫無所知。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但最近這位曾任國民黨主席與總統的馬英九突然公開宣布理想的能源配比應該是核能<span lang="EN-US">20</span>%、燃煤<span lang="EN-US">40</span>%、燃氣<span lang="EN-US">30</span>%與再生能源<span lang="EN-US">10</span>%。對照目前實際核能占比約<span lang="EN-US">8</span>%,核能需要再擴增<span lang="EN-US">12</span>%,是復建核四?或連核一、二已停役的機組都要再延役?面對新北市府的反對,用過核燃料棒放哪裡?再對比蔡政府<span lang="EN-US">2025</span>年能源配比是核能<span lang="EN-US">0</span>、燃煤<span lang="EN-US">30</span>%、燃氣<span lang="EN-US">50</span>%以及再生能源<span lang="EN-US">20</span>%,也多出<span lang="EN-US">10</span>%的燃煤發電。不知這是否為國民黨的能源政策?因為興達電廠燃煤機組(目前預定<span lang="EN-US">2023</span>年)、台中電廠<span lang="EN-US">1-4</span>號機組(由<span lang="EN-US">11</span>、<span lang="EN-US">12</span>號燃氣機組替代)將陸續除役、退役備援,在深澳電廠確定停建後,燃煤電廠的占比甚至可能低於<span lang="EN-US">30</span>%,不以汰舊更新方式新建或擴建燃煤電廠或機組,如何執行馬英九所拋出的<span lang="EN-US">40</span>%燃煤占比。所以,馬英九為支持名不符實的《以核養綠》公投(容後分析),所喊出的上述能源配比,極可能根本是未獲其所屬國民黨的支持;如國民黨支持,那就更加顯示國民黨除了一味擁核外,根本沒有完整具體的能源政策,才會導致其公投提案紊亂、彼此自相矛盾。這一部分,國民黨應該負責任地對外說清楚講明白。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-86368105201584805622018-11-03T14:47:00.000+08:002018-11-04T14:31:58.363+08:002018年10項公投內涵解析(2)~第7案<br />
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<b style="color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">第<span lang="EN-US">7</span>案主文是『你是否同意以「平均每年至少降低<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%」之方式逐年降低火力發電廠發電量?』提案人是國民黨,由該黨立委同時也是台中市長候選人的盧秀燕領銜,對外宣稱的訴求目的是「反空污」。</b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">從主文內容看,此提案重點是以平均每年至少<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%的方式逐年降低火力發電廠的發電量。雖然蔡政府有能源轉型政策與明確的<span lang="EN-US">2025</span>年能源配比,但與此公投案仍有所不同,因此,此公投案確實是『重大政策的創制』。如果通過,權責機關經濟部依主文內容的必要處置,即是督導台電公司遵循執行。</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">然而,火力發電,傳統包括燃煤、燃氣與燃重油發電。其中燃重油發電,在台灣也陸續退場成為備援,先撇開不談。僅就燃煤與燃氣兩者相較,燃氣所產生的污染物不僅遠較燃煤發電少(放在電廠上比較,如都使用最佳污染防治技術,雖然都能大幅削減,但燃煤電廠產生的污染物與量仍較多),就連每發一度電所產生的溫室氣體,燃氣也約僅燃煤的<span lang="EN-US">1/2</span>,這也是燃氣發電在國際間仍普遍被歸類為潔淨能源的緣由。所以,令人納悶的是,盧秀燕委員既然訴求反空污,為何不區辨兩種發電在本質上的明顯差異,只要求逐年降低火力發電廠的發電量,而非直接明定逐年降低燃煤發電量?退而言之,是否至少也應該先減燃煤發電量再減燃氣發電量?如此提案,既使公投通過,政府每年究竟要降燃煤或燃氣發電量來滿足主文要求?可以自行決定並隨意調整,反空污的效果,恐怕頗為有限;而且,似乎與她在台中市長選戰猛打台中燃煤電廠空污議題的立場不太一致。
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">還有,空氣污染原因繁多,粗分有來自固定污染源、移動污染源與逸散源,火力電廠的空污,只是固定污染源其中之一,單憑不分燃煤或燃氣每年降發電量<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%,究竟能改善多少空污?而且,除了經濟部對老舊火力電廠已有依序排出汰舊更新期程外,去年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月間更由當時行政院長林全親自招開記者會,端出《<span lang="EN-US">14</span>+<span lang="EN-US">N</span>空氣污染防治策略》(之後,同年<span lang="EN-US">12</span>月再由賴清德院長召開記者會擴充為《空氣污染防治行動方案》),其中即有針對尚未汰除的既有電廠、前<span lang="EN-US">30</span>大<span lang="EN-US">PM2.5</span>排放源逐廠盤點製程、污染防制設備,並建議改善製程、要求再增添裝設各種污染防制設施,以盡可能削減空污排放,如此才能全面對症下藥。國民黨或盧委員如要回應人民改善空污的期盼,是否從整體空污防治策略來提更創新、更前進的空污治理政策創制案會更好,並避免流於選舉炒作之譏?</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">若要再細究,提案主文僅要求逐年減少<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%發電量,並未限制裝置容量,也就是說,縱使通過,在逐年降低發電量的過程,汰舊更新燃煤或燃氣電廠並非全然不可。而且平均每年至少降低<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%發電量,是以去年、今年年終又或以每年的前一年的火力發電量作為有無降<span lang="EN-US">1</span>%的判斷基準?「平均每年」,是以多少年(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>年?<span lang="EN-US">5</span>年?或<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年?<span lang="EN-US">20</span>年?<span lang="EN-US">50</span>年?)為平均的範圍?在在都會是如通過後未來執行時認定上的困擾。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">基於以上解析,可以看出此公投案本身,不管在其訴求的反空污或能源政策的執行上,實質意義都不大,沒有同為國民黨提案、林德福領銜的第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>案好。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6、<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">令人遺憾的是,此一公投案的<span lang="EN-US">5</span>場辯論,依媒體報導,反方前<span lang="EN-US">2</span>場是由經濟部次長、能源局林全能局長代表,後<span lang="EN-US">3</span>場竟然沒有人代表上場辯論。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-48327243395824306672018-11-02T22:31:00.001+08:002018-11-04T14:32:09.365+08:002018年10項公投內涵解析(1)總論<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中央選舉委員會已經公告<span lang="EN-US">10</span>件公投案,綁今年地方公職人員選舉。但這<span lang="EN-US">10</span>件公投提案的實質內涵為何?其提案人訴求的目的是什麼?提案內容能否達成其訴求目的?公投案通過或不通過會產生什麼法律效果?實質影響是什麼?恐怕大部分有公民投票權的朋友們都還沒有完整清楚掌握。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">以下阿貴嚐試先簡單介紹公投法公民投票權相關規範及其限制、公投案通過或不通過的法律效果,之後,再就此<span lang="EN-US">10</span>件公投案:分第<span lang="EN-US">7</span>、<span lang="EN-US">8</span>、<span lang="EN-US">16</span>案(與能源議題相關),第<span lang="EN-US">10</span>、<span lang="EN-US">11</span>、<span lang="EN-US">12</span>、<span lang="EN-US">14</span>、<span lang="EN-US">15</span>案(與性別平等、同志議題相關)以及第<span lang="EN-US">9</span>、<span lang="EN-US">13</span>案三組逐案解析其內涵,純屬提供個人意見,給有興趣的朋友們參酌。</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一、</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">總論<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;">1、<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">人民參政權<span lang="EN-US">—</span>選舉、罷免、創制、複決</span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">人民參政權,指民主國家的憲法或基本法明定賦予人民有參與國家政治運作的基本權利,<span lang="EN-US"> </span>依我國憲法第<span lang="EN-US">17</span>條規定,包括選舉權(也含被選舉權在內)、罷免權、創制權及複決權等四種,均需具有公民身分的國民才能行使。選舉權、罷免權,規定在</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">公職人員選舉罷免法與總統副總統選舉罷免法;創制權與複決權,則透過公民投票法來行使。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;">2、<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333;">公民身份及其限制<span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h4>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(1)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民法第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>條規定滿<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲為成年,才有完全的行為能力(自己決定、自己做事,自己負責),這是一般國民與公民的分界。因此,公職人員選舉罷免法第<span lang="EN-US">14</span>條、總統副總統選舉罷免法第<span lang="EN-US">11</span>條也都規定年滿<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲才有選舉權,但如果受監護宣告(以前的用語是禁治產宣告)而且還沒撤銷,則仍沒有選舉權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(2)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">公民投票法第<span lang="EN-US">7</span>條原本也規定須年滿<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲才有公民投票權,於<span lang="EN-US">2017</span>年<span lang="EN-US">12</span>月<span lang="EN-US">12</span>日立法院修正三讀通過,降為<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲,且沒受監護宣告。所以,目前年滿<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲、未滿<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲的青少年已經有公民投票權,但仍無選舉罷免權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(3)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">整體公民參政權究竟是定在<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲或<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲(被選舉權另有較高年齡門檻)?純屬政策問題。現在營養充足,成長發育快速,加上知識發達,資訊傳遞快速,阿貴支持公民參政權一律下修至<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲。尤其,我國實施已<span lang="EN-US">80</span>年的刑法,早早將刑事責任能力定在年滿<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲,內含的意義也是滿年<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲,就有足夠能力辨別是非,從而決定自己的行為該與不該,並對自己行為負責的能力。對照來看,選舉、罷免權似乎沒有理由仍定在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(4)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但在今年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日的選舉日,滿<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲以上公民,可以領選舉票與公投票;<span lang="EN-US">18</span>歲到<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲(未滿)公民則只能領<span lang="EN-US">10</span>張公投票。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">(5)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">附帶一提,從新聞報導刑事判決時常附帶提到的褫奪公權,依中華民國刑法第<span lang="EN-US">36</span>條規定,被褫奪的僅有擔任公務員與為公職候選人資格(被選舉權)的權利。所以,仍可以行使<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日的選舉權、公民投票權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="font-size: small;">二、公投案通過與不通過的法律效果</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small; text-indent: -0.05pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif;">1.</span>依公民投票法第<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -0.05pt;">3</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -0.05pt;">0</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -0.05pt;">條規定,</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -0.05pt;">公投案如通過,各該選舉委員會應於投票完畢七日內公告公民 投票結果,並依下列方式處理:</span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">2.</span></span>依公民投票法第<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">31</span>、<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif;">32</span>條規定,<span style="font-family: , serif;">公民投票案如不通過,主管機關也應於投票完畢七日內公告公民投票結果,並通知提案人之領銜人。而且,自主管機關公告公民投票之結果起二年內,不得就同一事項重行提出。所謂不得再就同一事項重行提出,因為已經公民投票,所以,是對全體公民都有約束效力,而非僅僅對約束提案人而已。至於是否是「同一事項」,則由主管機關認定。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">由上述公投結果的法律效果</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif;">,</span><span style="color: #333333;">區分創制案、複決案,分別規定得那麼細,可知辨別公投案的屬性究竟是創制案或複決案,會直接影響其法律效果,有其重要性</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif;">。</span><span style="color: #333333;">如依提案內容區分,分立法原則的創制、法律、地方自治條例的複決、重大政策的創制與重大政策的複決</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif;">4</span><span style="color: #333333;">種,但</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">預算、租稅、薪俸及人事事項,則不得作為公民投票的提案</span><span style="color: #333333;">(請參考公投法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: , serif;">2</span><span style="color: #333333;">條規定)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>有關法律、自治條例的複決案,原法律或自治條例於公告之日算至第三日起,失其效力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>有關法律、自治條例立法原則的創制案,行政院、地方政府應於三個月內研擬相關之法律、自治條例提案,並送立法院、地方議會審議。立法院、地方議會應於下一會期休會前完成審議程序。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>有關重大政策者,應由總統或權責機關為實現該公民投票案內容之必要處置。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">而且立法院審議前項第二款議案時,不受立法院職權行使法第十三條規定的限制;如立法院、地方議會依第一項第二款制定的法律或自治條例與創制案的立法原則有無牴觸發生疑義時,提案人之領銜人還可以聲請司法院解釋。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">經創制的立法原則,立法機關不得變更;於法律、自治條例實施後,二年內不得修正或廢止。經複決廢止的法律、自治條例,立法機關於二年內不得再制定相同之法律。經創制或複決之重大政策,行政機關於二年內不得變更該創制或複決案內容的施政方向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="font-size: small;">三、創制?複決?提案內容的實際效益?</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">雖然公投法沒有明文定義什麼是創制?什麼是複決?但依其字面文義與</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>條規定</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">內涵,仍可以作如下的理解:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1、<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">所謂「創制」,有創造制定、改變現狀之意,</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">台北高等行政法院<span lang="EN-US"> 103 </span>訴<span lang="EN-US"> 1559 </span>判決曾嘗試解釋創制,概念上係「從無到有」之制度。所以,創制,是由公民透過公投訂出新的「立法原則或重大政策」,交由行政機關或立法機關執行。就公民僅能創制「立法原則」,通過後再交由立法機關執行立法而言,顯然仍非直接民權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2、<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">所謂「複決」,意味再次確認決定,也就是行政機關的重大政策或立法機關已通過的法律,透過公投交由公民再次確認決定是繼續施行或使其失效?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">3、<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在<span lang="EN-US">2017</span>年<span lang="EN-US">12</span>月<span lang="EN-US">12</span>日公投法修法前,一旦有公投提案,中選會就會成立公民投票審議委員會來審議公投提案內容、屬性,但在馬政府執政<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年,此一公民投票審議委員會對於公投提案內容的正確與否、屬性、提案內容能否達成目的等等事項,審查得非常嚴格,讓公投提案非常不易成立。所以,在該次修法,此一公民投票審議委員會便直接被刪除。也許是因為這樣的脈絡,所以,這次<span lang="EN-US">10</span>件公投案,中選會為落實公投法是以鼓勵成案為原則的立法目的,對於公投提案內容、屬性等,即未再把關,以至於部分公投案,其提案人顯然事先並未思考清楚究竟是要創制什麼或複決什麼?以至於即使通過,也僅僅聊具象徵意義,實質效用有限或乃至完全沒有效益。
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4、<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">先試舉一例來簡單說明,其他留待各案解析時再詳論。第<span lang="EN-US">10</span>案公投的主文是</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">『</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">你是否同意</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民法</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">》</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">婚姻規定應限定在一男一女的結合?</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』問題是現在民法的婚姻制度就是一男一女的結合,所以,此提案既非立法原則的創制(改變現狀),要求立法機關制定新法,也不是要複決一男一女的既有法律婚姻制度,使其失效。可以說根本無法產生公投法第<span lang="EN-US">30</span>條的法律效果,縱使通過,行政機關既無法也無需做為實現此公投案內容的必要處置,也改變不了立法機關遵循司法院第<span lang="EN-US">748</span>號解釋所下應給予『同性結婚的權利』修法的方向與期限。相較而言,對立的第<span lang="EN-US">12</span>案與第<span lang="EN-US">14</span>案,就可以歸類為立法原則的創制,產生相應的法律效果。另如第<span lang="EN-US">16</span>案,性質上是一個簡單的複決案,但縱使通過,也無法達成提案人在提案理由所訴求與在記者會發言時所說,要維持乃至提升核能發電占比的目的,所以,象徵意義遠大於實質效果,容後詳述。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />惜根子淩(流氓婆)http://www.blogger.com/profile/01284908985870314567noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-86616929489513717932016-11-01T17:05:00.002+08:002018-11-04T15:07:39.347+08:00市地重劃怎麼看?<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">一年前曾針對市地重劃問題做一份剪報,由於最近市地重劃問題爭議不斷,分享給大家參考</span><br />
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<span class="hasCaption" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"></span></span>獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-74345143385558099812016-10-06T17:13:00.001+08:002018-11-04T13:22:26.713+08:00破肚茄萣濕地之1-4號道路<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">雖然因為高雄市政府已提前重新做出破肚茄萣濕地之1-4號道路的環評結論,但最高行政法院最新駁回高雄市政府針對前次環評被撤銷的判決上訴,仍可供關心此事的各界人士參考。</span></h3>
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<br />獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-17913874559526999292016-09-26T17:50:00.000+08:002018-11-04T15:07:00.121+08:00原住民領域的BOT<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">當初日月潭向山BOT案件,阿貴協助邵族提起訴願,而行政院做出訴願決定書,撤銷環評審查結論。</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">事後由開發單位向台北高等行政法院提起訴訟,但台北等行政法院仍維持原訴願決定,而駁回開發單位之訴。</span><span style="font-size: small;">阿貴現為環保署之副署長,不知是否能對此份判決表示欣慰?</span></h3>
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<br />獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-55630529520316756322016-06-22T09:05:00.000+08:002018-11-04T13:31:06.997+08:00環評將不再是絆腳石與橡皮圖章<span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">本文同時刊登2016.06.22 蘋果論壇</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: 26.9pt;">日前某報社論以「環評不是兌現競選支票的橡皮圖章」為題,直指蔡總統擔心「五大創新產業」的政見推動,會受環評阻滯進度,而要求提高環評效率。該文進一步認為環保署是因此才將積極修改環評制度,而表示憂心。</span><br />該報過去曾多次以大篇幅為企業發聲,專題報導環評效率低落,且擁有否決權,是經濟發展、企業投資的絆腳石。如今願從另一面為環評制度「仗義直言」,認為不該淪為橡皮圖章,固然值得肯定,但該文對事件發生的時序出現錯置,以致評論內容頗有誤解,需予澄清。</span></h3>
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<span style="text-indent: 26.9pt;">首先,正因為長期以來,一方面產業界一再指責環評效率欠佳,而另一方面,環保團體與開發案周邊居民卻也持續批評環評功能不彰,筆者於總統大選前、後二次獲邀前往民進黨智庫報告環評究竟出了什麼問題與如何改進?也因而被延攬為環保署副署長。從人事消息發布迄今,筆者多次受訪,均有明白表示上述進入新政府原因與將如何修改環評制度。而修改的方向,將以落實環評篩選功能與增進審查效率,做為兩大核心目標。</span></div>
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至於端午連假期間,閣員分批前往總統永和住家輕鬆交換政策意見,筆者僅是檢視包括「五大創新產業」在內涉及土地利用的政見,簡略說明哪些無需環評?哪些可能需要環評?需環評者,依其預定區位土地屬性,粗估其難易程度?目的也僅是提供未來政見推動排序的評估參考因素之ㄧ,蔡總統、林院長俱無要求須特別為「五大創新產業」的政見推動,提升環評效率,該文明顯有所誤解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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環評制度引進台灣已逾<span lang="EN-US">20</span>年,之所以長期被詬病,有制度性因素,也有人為因素。產業界一再要求廢除環評否決權,回歸美國原型即交由目的事業主管機關自行環評,以及增進效率。但自環評制度引進台灣以來,在環保署被否決(認定不應開發)的案件比例,依學者與官方統計,均約<span lang="EN-US">4</span>%左右;地方政府的比例則更低,部分縣市甚至可能掛零,但<span lang="EN-US">20</span>年來對會環境造成重大影響的開發案,真的如此少嗎?還是環評否決權根本僅聊備一格,何曾當過絆腳石?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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用台灣法制簡約地說,美國原型是由目的事業主管機關針對開發申請案,「評估如予許可」,將會對環境造成如何的影響?以作為機關決策參考因素之一。引進台灣時,由於當時的立法委員不信任主導經濟建設的政府部門會願為環境保護把關,才改為台灣特有現制-集中至環保署「審查開發行為」對環境造成如何之影響?至於開發行為對環境影響的調查評估,則由開發單位委託顧問公司進行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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試問顧問公司拿人錢財,怎能不替業主設想消災?於是,在開發單位以想通過環評為前提,出錢委託顧問公司進行制度設計上需科學、客觀的調查評估,經常淪為化妝美白工作,便不足為奇。此外,台灣環評現制還有一根本性問題,環評委員、環保團體或居民都在環說書或環評報告書上打轉(審查、挑毛病與討價還價),卻根本忽略了審查對象應該是「開發行為」本身,環說書等只是輔助審查的工具,效率當然快不起來。日前與環評委員座談時,有資深委員感嘆其實他最想看到的是完整開發計畫書,而非美化後的環說書,切中時弊。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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有「第三者環評確實不是好政策」大作認為環評沒有效率,是出在部分環評委員過於環保教義心態,因而建議未來應遴聘沒有成見、公正客觀的委員,但該文卻反對從源頭解決開發單位與顧問公司間共生問題,把開發行為對環境影響的「評估」,也改由顧問公司以行政助手身分協助環評主管機關進行(其實這根本不是「第三者環評」,筆者也不知何謂「第三者環評」,自由時報民意論壇<span lang="EN-US">6/15</span>、<span lang="EN-US">16</span>接連二天刊出標題幾乎相同的文章,卻無清楚定義或來源依據),並且認為抱持支持經濟發展,只要用手段降低影響讓利大於弊,環評即應趕快通過心態的委員,才是客觀公正,其邏輯是否自相矛盾?讀者可予公評。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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「第三者環評不是好政策」則更對司法審查提出質疑,認為司法完全缺乏環保專業,不該越俎代庖對環評實質審查,讓枝節的法律程序,凌駕整體的環境實質正義,造成環評缺乏效率。筆者懷疑其曾否詳讀相關司法環評判決,乃至曾否參與環評審查?以致有此嚴重誤解。筆者實際參與眾多環評訴訟所歸納的結論,司法僅是從法治國家基本法制原則-環評主管機關有無遵守正當法律程序?得出專業判斷結論的過程、依據與心證說理是否具體明確?從未凌駕環評主管機關而直接介入環保專業的審查。而且民主國家三權分立憲政體制,司法本即有權已判決撤銷違法的行政行為,此乃為避免再走上行政專擅乃至獨裁老路的制衡設計,豈能輕廢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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總之,經濟發展的目的,應該是要讓人民過得好。而好與不好,時至今日,其判準早已包括有沒有安全無毒的食品、乾淨的空氣、充足潔淨的水資源以及健康的身體,應無疑義。而以上項目,也正是環境保護的核心目標,可見經濟發展與環境保護本應殊途同歸,在殊途部分,爭議的化解,環境基本法第<span lang="EN-US">3</span>條是最高判準原則。未來環評的修改,也將以此為原則,落實制度功能與增進效率。<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-91360316030283965502016-05-03T14:02:00.002+08:002018-11-04T15:14:40.434+08:00環評制度的新助力<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;">喜見透過一個個最高行政法院判決,將環評的定性、特性,闡釋得更清楚完整,這會是未來修改環評制度的絕佳助力。</span><span style="font-size: medium;">-分享美麗灣案復工處分之最高行駁回上訴判決理由。</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"></span>獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-57135109986016199572016-04-13T17:43:00.000+08:002018-11-04T15:09:14.687+08:00台東美麗灣撤銷第二次環評之行政訴訟案<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">台東美麗灣撤銷第二次環評之行政訴訟案</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">今天收到最高行政法院駁回台東縣政府及美麗灣公司上訴的判決書,如下內容,給大家參考法院見解。</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.08px;"><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"></span></span>獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-21624153963331160512016-04-12T15:17:00.000+08:002018-11-04T15:15:15.678+08:00如何建立正義與效益兼顧的國土治理機制<span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 20.79px;">本文同時刊登2016.04.12 蘋果論壇</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: small;">台東杉原海岸,早在<span lang="EN-US">1987</span>年行政院核定的《台灣沿海地區自然環境保護計畫》,已被劃為「一般保護區」,其保護、保育原則是「以不影響環境之生態特色及自然景觀下,維持現有之資源利用型態」,台東縣政府將原供海水域場使用的沙灘<span lang="EN-US">BOT</span>改興建大型渡假村,有無違背上述保護保育原則?</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">台東縣政府用下位階的沙灘地目是「遊憩用地」,容許興建旅館為藉口,規避上位階的「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">一般保護區</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">」使用原則限制,是引起重大爭議的起源。類似美麗灣案情境,全台不可勝數,這是過去幾十年來以土地開發為導向的經濟發展模式,所造成國土治理上的沈疴。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">台灣是多重天然災害的高風險區,面對詭譎難測的大自然力量,再先進的人類科技與工程技術仍相形渺小與侷限。不問成本,用人類最佳工程技術將<span lang="EN-US">101</span>大樓蓋在車籠埔斷層正上方,遇上<span lang="EN-US">921</span>大地震,恐怕仍無法倖免於難。唯有盡可能詳實調查國土基礎資訊,以資作為國土規劃與研定與土地開發有關的經濟發展政策方向依據,才是風險管理的上上之策。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">但<span lang="EN-US">2016</span>年<span lang="EN-US">2</span>月<span lang="EN-US">6</span>日南台灣地震造成重大傷亡後,行政院也僅僅同意公佈土壤液化災害潛勢圖資,至於地質法明定的其他地質災害潛勢仍被忽略,各級政府所提對策也偏向輔導自主檢查與如何補助建物補強,全然欠缺如何將地質、環境與資源條件納入整體國土治理之上,政府真的已經痛定思痛?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">先談地質條件,前內政部長李鴻源表示其任內已將大台北地區套疊上幾種地質災害潛勢,災害風險地圖一目暸然,足以作為市政規劃藍圖。但因會影響房價,最終直到他去職,都沒能獲行政院准予公佈。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">地質法主要即在規範基本地質、資源地質(如豐富地下水)與地質災害的調查,以建置國土環境變遷與土地資源管理的基本地質資訊,作為大至整體國土治理、中可防災應變的規劃參考,小至個別土地能否與如何利用的判別依據。可惜,最關鍵的配套措施-於地質敏感區申請土地開發,應由中央地質調查所審查申請人依該法所提地質安全評估書件的機制被刪,導致現在實務狀況是地質安全評估隨便做,地方政府沒有審也沒能力審,形同虛設。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">延宕<span lang="EN-US">20</span>幾年,終於去年<st1:chsdate day="18" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="12" w:st="on" year="2016"><span lang="EN-US">12</span>月<span lang="EN-US">18</span>日</st1:chsdate>立法通過的國土計畫法,亦要求中央主管機關應建置國土基礎資訊資料庫(當然,應先詳細調查區域國土承載力、環境涵容能力)。此外,從中央層級的國土計畫指導綱領到地方政府完成實際的<span lang="EN-US">4</span>大功能分區規劃與公告相關圖資,預計將需<span lang="EN-US">6-7</span>年,均在蔡英文主席可能的<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年總統任內。建議新政府應整合成立單一完整的國土與環境資料庫,作為擬定中央與地方國土計畫,以及中央各目的事業主管機關涉及土地利用的部門計畫務實的規劃依據。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">接下來再透過資訊揭露、政策環評、民眾參與平台,來共同規劃國土功能分區的面積適當配比與區位,並排序各部門計畫、產業發展類別、地方政府土地利用計畫與水資源調配等順位。於此共識規劃之下,未來不僅可因此而簡化審查流程,類似美麗灣開發案因選址不當而引起重大爭議的情形,更可大幅減少。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">如能再進一步修改環評制度,將現行開發單位與顧問公司的共生結構造成環評資料失真,目的事業主管機關置身事外等問題一併調整,讓環評制度發揮實質功能,必定更能落實國土治理的分配正義。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">如何建立台灣國土治理的機制與新典範?不僅是蔡總統責無旁貸的大任,更將是帶領台灣走向嶄新局面的契機。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"></span></span>獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-72697258371893649842016-02-03T17:39:00.000+08:002018-11-04T15:15:49.365+08:00綠色執政是綠色品質的保證嗎?<span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; line-height: 12.6px;">本文亦刊載於2016.02.03《民報》專欄</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: small;">日前,高雄高等行政法院判決撤銷了高雄市政府一手主導在已公告為台灣重要濕地的茄定濕地開路,另一手草草通過的環評審查結論。但此事件其實僅是南部「綠色執政」大開發的冰山一角,短暫的司法勝訴,若改變不了還停留在<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年的「大投資」開發思維,生活環境的持續惡化,仍是台灣人民難以逆轉的宿命。</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">還記得因電影『看見台灣』廣受矚目而帶出後勁溪污染事件嗎?半導體大廠日月光公司的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">K7</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">廠,自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">2011</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">年起至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">年即多次被高雄市政府環保局查獲稀釋廢水、放流水排放不合標準而受處罰。其中以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">日查獲日月光公司</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">K7</span><span style="font-family: , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">廠直接將未經處理的強酸廢液直接排入後勁溪的事件曾喧騰一時,結果卻也最令人傷心。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">時任高雄市政府環保局長的陳金德(<span lang="EN-US">2014</span>年<span lang="EN-US">12</span>月<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日高升副市長),大張旗鼓地採樣、裁罰與移送檢察署。一審判決後,筆者仔細閱讀了判決書,發現環保局竟然僅移送該次違法,而沒有連同其他<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年至<span lang="EN-US">2013</span>年的多次違法紀錄一併移送,而為證明污染而採樣下游底泥,又是在事件發生逾<span lang="EN-US">70</span>日後,證據明顯不足,所以,曾批評陳金德當時演很大,他非常不服氣,認為筆者在打擊他們維護環保的士氣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">高雄市一直是台灣包括石化、水泥與鋼鐵等工業重鎮,也因此,長期以來空氣品質、河川與地下水質,在台灣幾乎都敬陪末座。雖然後來陸續有愛河截流去臭後的遊憩活動、捷運美麗島站的「光之穹頂」、「城市光廊」…等建設,讓高雄多了一些可以讓在地人驕傲的指標。但實際上台灣南部在民進黨長期執政下,仍是停留在開發思維,並無多少真正的「綠色」價值。以下案例,尤其明顯:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">第一,茄萣濕地是內政部正式公告的台灣重要濕地之一,面積達<span lang="EN-US">171</span>公頃,目地是為保護濕地的完整性與其多功能生態價值。但高雄市政府卻屈從於地方派系壓力,於<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年間,先從濕地南面開闢一條約略是東西向的<span lang="EN-US">1-1</span>號道路,並將<span lang="EN-US">1-1</span>道路南側的濕地填平,變更為遊艇產業專區,後來此專區發展不起來,目前又重擬工程,計畫挖除所填之土回復濕地形式,但已破壞的生態,能回得來嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">更諷刺的是,高雄市政府又計畫從<span lang="EN-US">1-1</span>號道路北側的茄萣濕地,再開闢一條南北向的<span lang="EN-US">1-4</span>號道路,並於<span lang="EN-US">2014</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月通過環評審查。表面上理由是為紓解茄萣區往南壅擠的交通,但實際上不僅該區主要交通動線,是藉由台<span lang="EN-US">17</span>甲省道往北到鄰近的台南,往南並無車潮。而且縱使開闢<span lang="EN-US">1-4</span>號道路,所能節省的時間,也不過約<span lang="EN-US">5-8</span>分鐘,效益顯然非常有限,但對茄萣濕地的切割,使其棲地生態功能零碎化的衝擊,卻是非常嚴重。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">為什麼地方派系執意施壓興建,而高雄市政府又為何妥協呢?說穿了還是土地開發利益。筆者找到已日漸沒落的興達港,有一個將茄萣濕地涵蓋在範圍內的「興達港漁業特定區計畫」,此計畫不僅將變更使用部分濕地,更在濕地周邊規劃<span lang="EN-US">1000</span>棟水岸景觀<span lang="EN-US">Villa</span>與預計拿來<span lang="EN-US">BOT</span>的水岸渡假村。現階段高雄市政府假藉研擬茄萣濕地的保育利用計畫,將以保育濕地生態功能為主的<span lang="EN-US">171</span>公頃重要濕地,面積直接限縮砍半,變為以提供人類遊憩為主的<span lang="EN-US">82</span>公頃茄萣濕地公園,便是在暗埋伏筆。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">第二,過去因為隨意燃燒並棄置廢五金與廢輪胎,而名列台灣污染最嚴重河川的二仁溪,於歷經<span lang="EN-US">20</span>年的取締整治後,如今已是台灣水質優良前<span lang="EN-US">3</span>名的河川,其下游不僅有大面積引水灌溉的農田,出海口附近也有大量養殖漁業。但近年高雄市政府卻一再同意業者於其上游台糖大面積完整農場興建工廠以及將工業廢水再度排入二仁溪。其中,尤其以<span lang="EN-US">2014</span>年<span lang="EN-US">4</span>月環評通過、<span lang="EN-US">2015</span>年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月同意區域計畫土地使用分區變更與開發許可的高污染電鍍、酸洗工廠的設廠開發,最為惡質,當然,也就引起當地居民與下游漁民的激烈抗爭。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">第三,高雄市永安區的永安漁會養殖專業區,面積廣達<span lang="EN-US">1300</span>公頃,是台灣最大、最優良且可以出口的點帶石斑與龍膽石斑魚養殖專區(另尚有蝦子、虱目魚)。高雄市政府卻無視養殖專業區對於水質條件的嚴苛要求與相對較弱勢的漁民權益,並不顧漁政單位的反對,於<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年<span lang="EN-US">9</span>月強行通過一件在此養殖專業區內興建紙器工廠的設廠環評,隔年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月進一步核發開發許可,因而,也引發此養殖專業區附近漁民與區內養殖戶的強力反對。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">有趣的是,直到<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年後的<span lang="EN-US">2016</span>年,行政院長與其主軸政策已不知換過多少輪?高雄市政府回應以上反對者質疑的說法,竟是市政府乃服膺<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月蘇貞昌擔任行政院長時代所提出以高耗能、高污染的石化、煉鋼產業為主軸的「大投資、大溫暖」計畫!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">再以上述於台糖農場興建電鍍、酸洗工廠為例,對於用地取得的法源依據,高雄市政府引用的是《產業創新條例》,但卻說不出此一工廠究竟該當何種創新產業?或製程、研發有何創新?分明是掛羊頭賣狗肉。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">工業或經濟發展,並非不重要,但應該適地、適性,而非盲目無章。從以上僅幾年內的三件案例,即可以充分反映出高雄市政府的開發思維,根本與「綠色品質」背道而馳。適時反映真實的批評,是提醒、是公民監督,而非打擊士氣。衷心期盼,已經全面執政的民進黨,要有全面接受監督的覺醒與雅量。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-75447285916107614562016-02-03T10:18:00.001+08:002018-11-04T15:16:12.568+08:00好久不見的台北市大塞車<span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "trebuchet" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">本文同時刊登2016.02.03蘋果論壇,此內容為完整版</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">月<span lang="EN-US">22</span>日下班時段,台北市出現了十餘年來罕見的大塞車,柯文哲因被塞在內湖科技園區而怒斥交通局限期改善。但柯市長之怒,顯然是因為自己被塞得動彈不得,而非感受到市民近幾月來因其「三橫三縱」政策所飽受的不便之苦。</span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">月<span lang="EN-US">22</span>日下午<span lang="EN-US">6</span>點,依筆者在濟南路、中山南路交叉口與愛國西路、中華路交叉口,共歷時<span lang="EN-US">1</span>小時的親身塞車所見,除天冷、下雨、車多外(似乎另有新聞報導當時忠孝西路有交通事故),交叉路口完全沒有淨空,讓交通打結,也是重要原因之一。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">路口沒有淨空,則與去年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月柯文哲上任市長不久,即以安全為由,同意取消交通顛峰時段的員警站交疏導勤務有關。近日民怨沸騰,柯市府已決定恢復員警站交勤務,但目的是要加強取締違規停車,而非日益嚴重的搶快使路口無法淨空問題,有無對症下藥,仍待觀察。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">近幾月來,真正影響台北市交通的,其實是柯市府正在進行的「三橫三縱」政策。簡單地說,該政策乃為化解不同交通工具爭道的危險,於是透過增加人行道寬度並在其內增設自行車道,以保護單車族安全與便利。乍看之下,似有道理,但爭道問題最嚴重的,不是在於汽、機車之間嗎?行人與自行車間固然也時有所見,但需增加那麼大寬度的人行與單車道嗎?為了擴寬人行道而縮減車道,並因而塗去最內側車道的禁行機車標示,豈非讓汽、機車爭道更加嚴重,以致可能更增交通事故?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">加上所選定的「三橫三縱」(其實不只此<span lang="EN-US">6</span>條道路,筆者所知,羅斯福路也正因此一政策而塞車),都是台北市主要交通幹道,因為施做此一工程而被迫縮減<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、<span lang="EN-US">2</span>個車道,再加上公車停靠上下乘客因素,嚴重塞車,顯然勢所難免。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">早在柯市府貿然端出「三橫三縱」政策之初,即有簡舒培等不少議員提醒,恐增嚴重塞車反效果。分析此「三橫三縱」政策的根本問題,在於<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>主要交通幹道原本汽、機車流即較大,尤其上、下班時段,往返台北、新北的車潮,有相當比例會使用到這些幹道,北市府為何選擇這些道路縮減其車道?<span lang="EN-US">2.</span>這些主要幹道究竟有多少自行車常態性使用?有無較精確的統計數據?<span lang="EN-US">3.</span>有無評估使用這些主要幹道的自行車,能否引導至鄰近車流較少的次要道路?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">如今印證議員們事先提醒情形,迷信拍板定案的形式效率,而政策評估不確實且一意孤行的柯市府,是否該給市民們一個誠懇的道歉?能否重新評估有無再持續進行「三橫三縱」政策的必要?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">近日飽受埋怨的柯文哲,日前異想天開進一步提出要借<span lang="EN-US">e-tag</span>來監測交通大數據,以利提出交通改善方案。不知語出驚人之前,曾否問過其法務局長或法律顧問,將涉及用路人隱私的<span lang="EN-US">e-tag</span>,從事其當初設置目的外的使用,難道不違法嗎?或者,柯文哲是要告訴國人,神是不受法律約束的?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-39177097857949769832016-01-27T16:58:00.000+08:002018-11-04T15:17:47.359+08:00新政府應速建立極端氣候的預警機制與紓緩措施<span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; line-height: 12.6px;">本文亦刊載於2016.01.26《民報》專欄</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">日前這波「負北極震盪」所引發的極地超級強烈冷氣團,讓北半球溫帶以北幾乎全被暴風雪籠罩。台灣地理位置位處亞熱帶及熱帶,對少有機會在台灣直接目睹的人民而言,可以全台瘋追雪,是小確幸,但也因為對國人寒害相對較為陌生,在政府掉以輕心的情況下,對台灣農、漁民、遊民與獨居老人而言,將是嚴酷的大衝擊。</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">由於媒體偏重於雪訊的報導,所以,看不到改口聲稱沒有所謂(看守)的馬政府,事前有無完整的預警,提醒並協助農、漁民與遊民、獨居老人盡量做好抗寒準備?並沙盤推演事後如何啟動補償措施?而即將接任的蔡英文總統與其團隊,我們也僅看到四處辦感恩茶、餐會與謝票行程,直到災情傳出後的</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">日傍晚,才看到對農、漁民的提醒與關切。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">不幸自</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">日起,災情陸續傳出,有報導</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">日入夜至</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">日深夜,全台因寒害死亡</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人,迄脫稿前則已達</span><span lang="EN-US">81</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人;更有報導單</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">日一天全台即有</span><span lang="EN-US">65</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人死亡,而截至</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">日中午,台北市即有</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人死亡、新北市則有</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人。對照被暴風雪籠罩範圍遠大於台灣的美國,迄今</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人死亡(也可能會再增加),台灣此種慘重災情,該不該當「立即而明顯的危險」?農、漁業部份也不遑多讓,各地蔬果凍傷累累,漁民養殖的虱目魚、石斑、台灣鯛與文蛤半數以上覆沒。以上僅是目前初期災情,可預期全台死亡人數將會陸續攀升,農、漁業災情也將大幅擴大。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">在此節骨眼,市長柯文哲與主管業務的社會局長許立民無視出國前夕,台北市短短</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">天即已死亡</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">人,而且極可能是此波寒害全台死亡人數最多的縣市,卻僅對遊民做簡單保暖呼籲與協調旅社被動提供遊民短期避災住宿後,即一派輕鬆地往訪日本。面對少見的酷寒,資源最豐富的首都政府,難道不應該有更積極的預警機制、更周密的通報、救援措施,甚至強制短期安置的因應作為(尤其獨居老人與年老遊民)?或者因為是天災,只要回台後再增加一項</span><span lang="EN-US">SOP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">供奉起來就好?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">由於此波酷寒前所未見,而且影響廣達整個北半球,著實令人擔憂對於靠天吃飯卻又實質承擔餵養大部分人民肚子公益任務的農、漁民的衝擊損害,究竟會有多大?未來類似酷寒出現頻率有多高?會否因而出現全球實質性糧荒或農產品物價高漲,進而衝擊貧窮且貧瘠地區的人民?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">當前台灣,衷心期盼馬政府立即總動員全台縣市政府農業單位與濃、漁會系統,全力搶救災情,減緩損失,並同步進行損失調查統計,以利後續補助或補償。此部分固然是針對農、漁民,但搶救災情,減緩農、漁作物損失,卻是攸關全民。因為,再過半個月即是農曆過年,依台灣習俗,為慶團圓,一定大量採買年菜。通常菜價在年節就會有所上漲,而現在因寒害而造成的農損災情如果持續擴大,勢將大幅影響春節菜價,進而使底層人民或勞工年節更加難過。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">看似單純的一波超級強烈冷氣團來襲,其實影響層面卻既深且遠。往者已矣(仍須盡心善後),來者可追,對於未來仍可能持續發生的嚴寒災害,即將執政的民進黨政府如何事先研擬對人、對農林漁牧的因應對策?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">由於農民肩負前述餵養人民肚子的公益任務,但當農、漁作物豐收時,通常價格會下跌,農民收益未必會增加,甚至可能反受「穀賤傷農」之害;而如果遇到重大災害,極可能一夕血本無歸,此時因(農作)物稀為貴而價格上漲,農、漁民也只能望而興嘆的情形。面對此種功能重要與所獲報酬、所擔風險完全不相當、不公平的現象,民進黨又應如何改善紓緩?能否盡快將非農民也能領、卻不利於農業生產環境維護的休耕補貼,變革為歐美日韓行之有年、以農民妥善維護農地之生產環境為前提的綠色補貼?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">筆者約略知悉蔡總統的農業政策是以符合現況的小農體制與加強保護農地、照顧農民為主,但一直有來自黨內一些表面上號稱老農派,其實是著重農地交易價格與變更開發的立委與地方首長的杯葛、阻撓。呼籲蔡英文總統應堅定立場,</span><span lang="EN-US">520</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">上任後,即針對日益極端的氣候型態與台灣脆弱的地質環境條件,配合已通過的</span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">《國土計畫法》</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">下的國土規畫,盡速建立放眼全球氣候變遷,但著眼台灣本土農、林、漁、畜牧業與人民的預警、防災機制與配套紓緩措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-26899361206155723302016-01-11T18:46:00.000+08:002018-11-04T16:07:11.183+08:00427反核大遊行之判決<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: medium;">去年4月27日的[終結核四、全面廢核]集會遊行活動</span><span style="font-size: medium;">今天終於收到高等法院駁回檢察官上訴而無罪定讞判決書了</span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">臺灣高等法院 裁判書 -- 刑事類</span></b></div>
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<tr><td nowrap="" width="16%"><span style="font-size: medium;">【裁判字號】</span></td><td align="left" width="84%"><span style="font-size: medium;">104,上易,1889</span></td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap=""><span style="font-size: medium;">【裁判日期】</span></td><td align="left"><span style="font-size: medium;">1041231</span></td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap="" style="height: 25px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">【裁判案由】</span></td><td align="left" style="height: 25px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">集會遊行法</span></td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap=""><span style="font-size: medium;">【裁判全文】</span></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><pre><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;">臺灣高等法院刑事判決 104年度上易字第1889號
上 訴 人 臺灣臺北地方法院檢察署檢察官
被 告 洪崇晏
選任辯護人 詹順貴律師
翁國彥律師
黃淑芳律師
被 告 蔡丁貴
選任辯護人 陳建州律師
</span>上列上訴人因被告等違反集會遊行法案件,不服臺灣臺北地方法院</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: large;">104年度</span><span style="font-size: large;">審易字第130號,</span><span style="font-size: large;">中華民國104年8月17日第一審判決</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: large;">(起訴案號:臺灣臺北地方法院檢察署103年度偵字第12451、1299</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: large;">8號),提起上訴,本院判決如下:
主 文
上訴駁回。
理 由
一、公訴意旨略以:被告蔡丁貴係公投護臺灣聯盟召集人,被告
洪崇晏則係臺灣大學哲學系學生,渠等參與由蔡中岳(經臺
灣臺北地方法院檢察署103年度偵字第12997號不起訴處分確
定)申請核准之「終結核四、全面廢核」集會遊行活動,詎
被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏基於違反集會遊行法之犯意聯絡,於民
國103年4月27日16時2分起至同年4月28日6 時40分止,未遵
循原核定遊行路線,率領公投護臺灣聯盟成員,由臺北市中
正區凱達格蘭大道左轉同市區中山南路,鼓動群眾朝同市區
忠孝西路口前進,滯留在中山南路與忠孝西路口不離去,並
發表演說,經現場指揮官即臺北市政府警察局中正第一分局
(下稱中正一分局)分局長方仰寧授權忠孝東路派出所(下
稱忠東所)所長崔企英,分別於103年4月27日16時26分、16
時31分、16時36分及16時41分,在監察院前對其等違法糾眾
集會之行為舉牌警告、命令解散及制止,並告知已妨害交通
及用路人通行權益,要求立即解散現場群眾,被告蔡丁貴、
洪崇晏仍拒不解散繼續聚集群眾。嗣於翌(28)日凌晨2 時
50分許,中正一分局分局長方仰寧進行勸導,並抬離現場非
法靜坐群眾,始於同日6 時40分許,淨空道路,恢復中山南
路與忠孝西路口全線通車,因認被告二人涉犯集會遊行法第
29條首謀者違法不解散罪嫌云云。
二、按犯罪事實應依證據認定之,無證據不得認定犯罪事實;有
罪之判決書應於理由內記載認定犯罪事實所憑之證據及其認
定之理由,刑事訴訟法第154 條第2 項及第310 條第1 款分
別定有明文。而犯罪事實之認定,係據以確定具體的刑罰權
之基礎,自須經嚴格之證明,故其所憑之證據不僅應具有證
據能力,且須經合法之調查程序,否則即不得作為有罪認定
之依據。倘法院審理之結果,認為不能證明被告犯罪,而為
無罪之諭知,即無前揭第154 條第2 項所謂「應依證據認定
」之犯罪事實之存在。因此,同法第308 條前段規定,無罪
之判決書只須記載主文及理由。而其理由之論敘,僅須與卷
存證據資料相符,且與經驗法則、論理法則無違即可,所使
用之證據亦不以具有證據能力者為限,即使不具證據能力之
傳聞證據,亦非不得資為彈劾證據使用。故無罪之判決書,
就傳聞證據是否例外具有證據能力,本無須於理由內論敘說
明(最高法院100 年度臺上字第2980號判決參照)。本件被
告既經認定犯罪不能證明,本判決即不再論述所援引有關證
據之證據能力,合先敘明。
三、次按犯罪事實應依證據認定之,無證據不得認定犯罪事實;
不能證明被告犯罪或其行為不罰者,應諭知無罪之判決,刑
事訴訟法第154條第2項、第301條第1項分別定有明文。又事
實之認定,應憑證據,如未能發現相當證據,或證據不足以
證明,自不能以推測或擬制之方法,以為裁判之基礎;認定
犯罪事實所憑之證據,雖不以直接證據為限,間接證據亦包
括在內,然而無論直接或間接證據,其為訴訟上之證明,須
於通常一般之人不致有所懷疑,而得確信其為真實之程度者
,始得據為有罪之認定;再認定不利於被告之事實,須依積
極證據,苟積極證據不足為不利於被告事實之認定時,即應
為有利於被告之認定,更不必有何有利之證據。刑事訴訟法
第161條第1項亦規定,檢察官就被告犯罪事實,應負舉證責
任,並指出證明之方法,是檢察官對於起訴之犯罪事實,應
負提出證據及說服之實質舉證責任,倘其所提出之證據,不
足為被告有罪之積極證明,或其指出證明之方法,無從說服
法院以形成被告有罪之心證,基於無罪推定之原則,自應為
被告無罪判決之諭知。
四、公訴意旨認被告2 人涉犯前開罪嫌,無非以證人即忠東所所
長崔企英之證述、證人王奕凱之證述及其臉書訊息內容、臺
北市政府警察局中正第一分局轄內聚眾活動狀況報告、蒐證
照片、103年10月17日補呈之照片、現場蒐證光碟3片、檢察
官指揮檢察事務官於103 年10月22日勘驗警方蒐證光碟之勘
驗筆錄為其主要論據。訊據被告二人均堅詞否認有何違反集
會遊行法第29條之犯行,被告洪崇晏辯稱:伊當天於前揭活
動現場僅持麥克風短暫宣講遊行進度及理念,並非集會遊行
之指揮或發起人,在場參與之民眾均有機會發表言論,不得
因此即認定伊係首謀;警方所為之解散命令並未提到伊,顯
然非以伊為解散命令之對象,況且當時群眾係和平集會,並
無暴力行為或立即之危害,警方命令解散違反比例原則;集
會遊行為憲法及國際公約保障之基本人權,政府應提供相應
之保護措施,而非恣意以刑罰挾制等語;被告蔡丁貴辯稱:
伊非前揭活動之發起人或指揮,由於參與活動之人數眾多,
伊所屬社團於出發時與遊行隊伍距離過遠,為減輕老弱婦孺
之行走負擔,始停留於上開路口休息,等候與遊行隊伍之最
前端會合,伊負責維持秩序;現場聲音吵雜,伊對於警察何
時下達解散命令毫無所悉;當天中山南、北路、忠孝西路本
即受警察之管制,無車輛通行,現場無暴力抗爭,警察擅自
下令解散,殊屬無據;伊身為台灣大學教授,對於公共議題
負有責任及義務,前揭活動表達反對興建核四之訴求,符合
社會公義,何來違反集會遊行法等語。被告洪崇晏之辯護人
辯稱:集會遊行法並無主管機關得將警告、制止及命令解散
之權限授權他人之規定,主管機關自不得將此法定權限授權
其他單位,本案集會活動未經有權主管機關命令解散,不符
集會遊行法第29條之構成要件;警方蒐證錄影光碟顯示,本
次集會遊行現場採取和平、非暴力之方式表達人民訴求,未
見衝突、混亂、暴力等緊急情狀,逕由忠東所所長崔企英針
對命令解散之必要性、無明顯立即危險性等比例原則因素進
行裁量,該解散處分顯有裁量濫用權限之違法,難認符合集
會遊行法第26條之比例原則;民眾經由集會遊行之方式表達
對政府之訴求,藉由對於公共空間之使用之不便利,方能促
使政府省思政策是否不當等語。被告蔡丁貴之選任辯護人則
辯稱:人民以和平方式行使集會遊行之權利,受憲法及公民
與政治權利公約(下稱公政公約)之保障,集會遊行法第29
條之刑罰規定應限縮適用;被告蔡丁貴係維持現場秩序,並
非使集會遊行失序,警方命令解散前,忠孝東、西路上之群
眾人數高達2萬8千餘人,不但現場民眾難以清楚見聞警方之
解散命令內容,且警方於15分鐘內前後4 次舉牌,要求上萬
名群眾在此短暫時間內全數解散、清空,客觀上更有無法實
現之重大困難,忠東所所長崔企英所為之命令解散處分顯未
充分考量集會遊行法第26條揭示之「適當方法」、「不得逾
越必要限度」等比例原則精神等語。
五、經查:
(一)上開集會遊行係申請人蔡中岳以「終結核四、全面廢核」為
由,申准於103年4月27日舉行集會遊行活動,集會地點為臺
北市中正區凱達格蘭大道(中山南路至公園路間)北側人行
道暨緊鄰5 線車道;遊行路線為:凱達格蘭大道(集合後出
發)→(左轉)中山南路→(左轉)常德街→(右轉)公園
路→(左轉)襄陽路→(右轉)館前路→(右轉)忠孝西路
→(右轉)公園路→(左轉)青島西路→(右轉)中山南路
→(右轉)凱達格蘭大道(集合後解散);被告蔡丁貴、洪
崇晏二人於當日均參與本次集會遊行活動,遊行群眾行至臺
北市中山南路、忠孝西路口後,陸續聚集於該處,被告蔡丁
貴、洪崇晏曾手持麥克風於該處發表言論,被告蔡丁貴另手
持麥克風呼籲遊行群眾坐下,忠東所所長崔企英係站立於臺
北市忠孝東路與中山南路口之監察院前,並以被告蔡丁貴為
舉牌對象,分別於當日16時26分許為第1 次舉牌警告、16時
31分許為第2次舉牌命令解散、16時36分許為第3次舉牌制止
、16時41分許為第4次舉牌制止,忠東所所長崔企英4次舉牌
後群眾仍未解散等情,經證人即忠東所所長崔企英於偵查、
原審證述在卷(103年度偵字第12998 號卷,下稱偵12998號
卷,第62、63頁,原審卷一第99至109 頁),並有臺北市政
府警察局中正第一分局轄內聚眾活動狀況報告、臺北市政府
警察局中正第一分局核定集會遊行變更通知書、蒐證照片、
現場蒐證光碟3 片可稽(偵12998號卷第5至26、71至74頁,
光碟置於該卷末錄音存放帶內);前開現場蒐證光碟經原審
法院當庭勘驗,有原審104年4月22日勘驗筆錄可參(原審卷
一第144至150頁),檢察官、被告2 人及渠等之辯護人對於
原審勘驗結果(如本判決附件1至3)均表示無意見(原審卷
一第147 頁背面、148頁正面、150頁),上開事實,固堪以
認定。
(二)按憲法第14條規定人民有集會之自由,旨在保障人民以集體
行動之方式和平表達意見,與社會各界進行溝通對話,以形
成或改變公共意見,並影響、監督政策或法律之制定,係本
於主權在民理念,為實施民主政治以促進思辯、尊重差異,
實現憲法兼容並蓄精神之重要基本人權。為保障該項自由,
國家除應提供適當集會場所,採取有效保護集會之安全措施
外,並應在法律規定與制度設計上使參與集會、遊行者在毫
無恐懼的情況下行使集會自由。以法律限制人民之集會自由
,須遵守憲法第23條之比例原則,方符合憲法保障集會自由
之本旨。集會遊行法第29條處罰之首謀違法不解散罪,其構
成要件除須被告不遵從解散命令之消極不作為外,尚須經主
管機關對被告為「命令解散」、「制止」之行政處分,而主
管機關如何命令解散集會、遊行,以及用何種方式制止其繼
續進行,涉及此項解散命令之當否,為事實認定問題。刑事
法院於論罪科刑時,就犯罪行為之構成要件是否符合,應為
確切之認定,尤其對於行為須出於故意為處罰之要件,亦應
注意及之(司法院釋字第445、718號解釋參照)。是法院於
審理集會遊行法之刑事案件時,自得對上開行政機關所為之
行政處分是否合法為實質審查,而不必然受其構成要件效力
所拘束。蓋刑事法律如係以違反合法行政處分作為犯罪構成
要件,則該處分之合法性即成為構成要件要素之一,且集會
遊行法第29條僅以行為人單純違背主管機關之行政處分為構
成要件,唯合法之行政處分始有以最後手段性之刑事制裁加
以保護之必要,是刑事法院除認定該行政處分有效之外,仍
需就其是否合法為審酌,經由法院依正當法律程序為實質審
判,始得為判斷。又集會遊行法第26條明定「集會遊行之不
予許可、限制或命令解散,應公平合理考量人民集會、遊行
權利與其他法益間之均衡維護,以適當之方法為之,不得逾
越所欲達成目的之必要限度」,已將比例原則予以具體明文
化,故主管機關依集會遊行法所為之「警告」、「命令解散
」、「制止」等行政處分,自均需符合該法第26條之規定。
從而,檢察官除須證明被告就前揭消極不解散之不作為具有
違反集會遊行法之犯罪故意外,尚須對主管機關依集會遊行
法所為之上開「命令解散」、「制止」等行政處分係屬合法
等節負舉證責任,要屬當然。
(三)集會遊行事件,主管機關不論對於人民申請許可集會遊行之
准駁,或為禁止之解散命令,均屬行政處分,須遵守行政程
序法有關行政處分之規定,是集會遊行法第29條主管機關所
為之解散、制止命令,其法效果涉及刑法之「行政從屬性」
(Vewaltungsakzessoritat des Strafrechts),即刑罰之
可罰性取決於行政法或基於行政法所發布之行政命令,易言
之,主管機關所為解散、制止之命令,須屬有效之行政處分
,始得為集會遊行法第29條論處刑罰之前提要件。本件公訴
人認被告2 人首謀違反之解散、制止等命令,係由忠東所所
長崔企英所為,業經認定如前,是本件首應審究者為,前揭
警告、解散、制止命令是否為合法有效之行政處分:
1.按行政處分有缺乏事務權限之情形,該處分無效;行政機關
得依法規將其權限之一部分委任所屬下級機關執行之,行政
機關因業務上之需要,得依法規將其權限之一部分委託不相
隸屬之行政機關執行之。前二項情形,應將委任或委託事項
及法規依據公告之,並刊登政府公報或新聞紙,行政程序法
第15條、第111條第6款定有明文。依上開規定,行政機關須
依法規,並踐行行政程序法第15條第3 項之公告程序,方可
將因法規授予之權限委任所屬下級或不相隸屬之行政機關。
依集會遊行法第3條第1項規定,該法所稱之主管機關,係指
集會地之警察分局,倘集會活動有集會遊行法第25條第1 項
所列各款情形之一者,集會地之警察分局有權得予警告、制
止及命令解散,集會活動主謀者於主管機關命令解散而不解
散,仍繼續舉行經制止而不遵從,始能以集會遊行法第29條
規定相繩。衡以集會遊行法第25條規定警告、制止及命令解
散人民集會之情形,係限制人民憲法上所保障之集會自由權
利,自須法律定有明文且符合比例原則時,始能限制,而集
會遊行法並無得將警告、制止及命令解散之權限授權他人之
規定,主管機關自不得將此法定權限授權其他單位,蓋倘允
許主管機關得事先概括授權予派出所主管決定是否舉牌警告
或命令解散,則派出所主管此一層級即能自行決定是否舉牌
警告、制止或命令解散集會,除不符前揭行政程序法規定外
,集會遊行法第25條規定主管機關始有權為之,將形同具文
,若得任意比附援引、擴張解釋,亦與罪刑法定原則有違。
至於如此解釋之結果,集會遊行法第25條、第29條於某些情
形下,在適用上是否有窒礙難行之處,係立法之缺漏或妥當
與否之問題,應尋求修法途徑解決,尚不得為解決該缺漏,
而擴大解釋上開條文之適用要件。
2.本案集會活動所在地之警察局為中正一分局,依集會遊行法
第3條、第25條第1項規定,有權為警告、命令解散、制止者
為中正一分局分局長方仰寧。又本此集會活動之安全維護勤
務部署在忠孝東路與中山南路口之監察院前係由忠東所所長
崔企英為帶隊官,有中正一分局執行【0427】勤務分區部署
圖可參(原審卷一第157 頁反面)。另忠東所所長崔企英分
別於103年4月27日16時26分許第1 次舉牌「警告行為違法」
、同日16時31分許第2 次舉牌「命令解散行為違法」、同日
16時36分許第3 次舉牌「制止行為違法」、同日16時41分許
第4次舉牌「制止行為違法」,於其4次舉牌過程中,中正一
分局分局長方仰寧均未出現於現場蒐證鏡頭前等情,業經原
審勘驗現場蒐證光碟無誤(勘驗內容如本判決附件3 ),堪
認本案現場舉牌警告、命令解散、制止者為忠東所所長崔企
英,則證人崔企英當日所為上開舉牌警告、命令解散、制止
,是否係主管機關中正一分局分局長方仰寧所為之解散、制
止命令,非屬無疑。證人崔企英於偵查中證稱:伊有以無線
電與方仰寧對話,告知被告蔡丁貴率領上千名群眾沿中山南
路往北,方仰寧在忠西所所長陳明宗那邊舉完牌後,步行走
到現場,伊於16時26分依方仰寧之指示第1 次舉牌警告,16
時31分許現場民眾湧進坐在路中間,方仰寧現場指示伊舉牌
,伊依法第2次舉牌命令解散,第3次舉牌也是方仰寧在現場
指示要伊舉牌,方仰寧都在現場,知道現場狀況,方仰寧未
特定告訴伊舉牌原因;現場舉牌照片看不到方仰寧,方仰寧
在伊之左前方,當時伊前方還有警力云云(偵12998 號卷第
63頁),嗣於原審改稱:伊4 次舉牌命令解散、制止,均係
經方仰寧之授權,當時方仰寧是在忠孝西路、公園路口指揮
忠孝西路派出所陳明宗所長對蔡中岳舉牌,舉牌後,因當時
中山跟忠孝西路口都被群眾佔據,方仰寧無法過來伊所在之
東南角這邊,便以無線電命令伊對蔡丁貴舉牌;方仰寧在路
口的另一側,並未到本案現場,其在忠孝西路、中山南路口
,在西南角,伊於16時26分第1 次舉牌警告時,分局長是否
在忠孝西路、中山南路之西南側,伊已忘記;伊第1 次舉牌
時未看到方仰寧云云(原審卷一第101至103、106、109頁)
,徵諸證人崔企英上開證述,就當日於監察院所為之第1 次
舉牌,中正一分局分局長方仰寧究係步行至現場,站立其旁
後指示其舉牌,抑或步行至忠孝西路、中山南路口西南側後
,以無線電命其舉牌,證人崔企英前後之說詞顯有歧異,難
以採認為真。
3.同日在臺北市忠孝西路與公園路口,警方因認本次集會遊行
之申請人蔡中岳等人有違反集會遊行法之情事,由忠西所所
長陳明宗分別於同日16時15分許第1 次舉牌「警告行為違法
」、同日16時18分許第2 次舉牌「命令解散行為違法」、同
日16時21分許第3 次舉牌「制止行為違法」、同日16時25分
許第4 次舉牌「制止行為違法」,現場群眾並未離去,且於
4 次舉牌過程中,中正一分局分局長方仰寧均出現於現場蒐
證鏡頭前等情,亦經原審勘驗現場蒐證光碟屬實(勘驗內容
如本判決附件2 ),而自臺北市忠孝西路、公園路口步行至
本件之忠孝東路、中山南路之監察院前費時約需4 分鐘,有
卷附地圖可參(原審卷一第176 頁),中正一分局局長方仰
寧於當日下午16時25分許,既尚於忠孝西路與公園路口指揮
忠西所所長陳明宗下達現場解散之命令,豈有於1 分鐘後立
即出現在忠孝東路、中山南路口之監察院前,指揮忠東所所
長崔企英下達第1 次舉牌警告命令之可能?又當日遊行群眾
人數眾多,中正一分局分局長方仰寧如欲步行至監察院前,
必須帶領隨行員警穿越擁擠之人群,耗時勢必更甚於4 分鐘
,以此觀之,堪認忠東所所長崔企英當日在監察院前為解散
命令之際,中正一分局分局長方仰寧並未在該現場無誤。進
者,臺北市忠孝西路、公園路口與臺北市忠孝東路與中山北
路口之監察院距離甚近,且當日遊行群眾雖然人數眾多,但
遊行活動過程和平,並無暴力、違法等情事,當無迫切須立
即下達解散命令之必要;倘中正一分局分局長方仰寧認被告
2 人有違反集會遊行法之情事,俟其步行至監察院前即忠東
所所長崔企英所在之處後指示舉牌下達解散命令並無困難。
苟如證人崔企英所述:中正一分局分局長方仰寧在忠孝西路
與中山南路口,無法穿越路口,不僅係因人群擁擠,且因在
群眾中身著制服穿越有刺激民眾造成衝突之疑慮云云(原審
卷一第104頁),則中正一分局分局長方仰寧於忠孝西路、
公園路口指示忠西所所長陳明宗下達現場解散命令後,若果
如證人崔企英所言,中正一分局分局長方仰寧再步行至中山
南路、忠孝西路口西南側,當日忠孝東、西路與中山南、北
路口等處皆聚集眾多民眾,何以中正一分局分局長方仰寧帶
領隨行員警步行至中山南路、忠孝西路口西南側並站立於該
處,即無刺激民眾、造成衝突之虞?適足反證證人崔企英上
開證述內容不實,無從認定中正一分局分局長方仰寧於證人
崔企英在監察院前舉牌下達解散命令時,確有站立於中山南
路、忠孝西路口之西南側,並以無線電指揮其下達解散命令
之事實。是證人崔企英在監察院前所為之舉牌警告、命令解
散、制止,依卷內事證,尚不足以證明係主管機關中正一分
局分局長方仰寧所為之解散、制止命令,集會遊行法第25條
、第29條復無主管機關得將命令解散、制止之權限授予下級
機關行使之規定,而忠東所並無為命令解散、制止等行政處
分之事務權限,依行政程序法第111條第6款,難認本件之解
散、制止命令為合法有效之行政處分。
(四)次按書面之行政處分,自送達相對人及已知之利害關係人起
;書面以外之行政處分,自以其他適當方法通知或使其知悉
時起,依送達、通知或使知悉之內容,對其發生效力,行政
程序法第110 條第1項、第4項定有明文。是集會遊行法第29
條亦應以主管機關所為之解散、制止命令業經合法送達被告
2人,始得據以認定被告2人有違反該規定之不法犯意,若尚
不足使法院確信主管機關所為之舉牌命令解散、制止等行政
處分已確實分別傳達予行為人等人知悉之確信,即不得遽認
行為人等確有故意不解散之情。本件由忠東所所長崔企英所
為之解散、制止命令,非屬主管機關所為合法有效之行政處
分,業如前述。被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏固於103年4月27日參與
本次集會遊行,且經警方為警告、命令解散及制止等處分後
,仍繼續集會遊行而未解散之行為,然當時現場集會遊行人
數眾多,人聲鼎沸、噪音吵雜,群眾呼喊口號、不明人士手
持麥克風演講、播放歌曲等情形不曾間斷,經原審勘驗現場
蒐證光碟甚明(勘驗內容如本判決附件1、3)。證人崔企英
復於原審證稱:伊為4 次舉牌時,距離被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏
各約50米,中山南路、忠孝東路之路口很大,被告洪崇晏在
路口中央;伊4 次舉牌時,被告蔡丁貴應該有在演講,不太
確定當下被告洪崇晏是否正在對群眾說話等語(原審卷一第
101、102頁),可徵當日遊行群眾人數眾多、現場擁擠,警
方所舉牌宣告解散命令之距離與被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏所在位
置尚有一段距離,且警方為舉牌宣告解散命令之際,被告蔡
丁貴與洪崇晏面對群眾,並未目視警方,現場另有不明人士
手持麥克風發表演說,亦有數名不明人士手持大型旗幟,現
場群眾鼓譟、呼喊口號聲音此起彼落,足認警方於此環境中
15分鐘內為密接之舉牌警告、命令解散、制止等行政處分,
以當時現場的情況而言,被告2 人辯稱未見聞警方舉牌之解
散命令,尚非毫無足採。又警方宣告違法之對象僅針對被告
蔡丁貴,業據證人崔企英前開證述明確,益徵被告洪崇晏無
從知悉警方舉牌及口頭告知之訊息,該等行政處分顯未能使
被告2 人知悉,依前開說明,不生行政處分之效力,殊難認
被告2 人有違反該處分而故不解散之犯意。
(五)又本件集會遊行活動自當日下午15時許起,遊行群眾陸續聚
集於臺北市中山南路與忠孝西路,期間被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏
曾手持麥克風發表言論,同時尚有不明群眾亦分持麥克風各
自發表演說、帶領現場群眾呼喊口號,另有部分不明群眾自
發性指揮交通、維持秩序,部分車輛因遊行群眾聚集該處無
法通行,而迴轉改道,綜觀全程集會遊行秩序尚稱平和,並
無口角或暴力衝突發生,有原審勘驗現場蒐證光碟之勘驗筆
錄可稽(本判決附件1至3)。按集會遊行法第26條明定主管
機關對於集會遊行之准駁限制須基於公平合理之考量,是主
管機關於該等行政處分前,應先妥善衡量保障人民表現自由
之權利及其所影響社會法益之價值,決定限制之幅度,以適
當之方法,擇其干預最小者為之。而室外集會遊行因集體行
動須利用一般公眾使用場所、道路等諸多社會資源,本即有
對社會原有運作秩序產生影響之虞,然基於維護公益及保障
社會大眾人權之衡平,對集會、遊行之場所、時間、方式等
,酌予合理限制,要非賦予公權力對表現自由予以壓制或剝
奪為目的,方符合憲法第11條保障表現自由所追求探究真理
、健全民主程序、自我實現等基本價值。本次集會遊行之目
的係在表達政府應停建核四,並檢討能源政策之重要公共議
題,且本次遊行活動舉行前業經報章媒體大幅報導,參與集
會遊行之群眾高達2萬8千餘人,而臺北市中山南路、忠孝西
路口本係供民眾自由進出、交通往來之公開場所,且緊鄰本
次集會遊行原申請路線之忠孝西路末端,本即可預見或因遊
行群眾人數眾多而蔓延至該處之可能。再者,現場透過遊行
群眾自律,集會過程和平,車輛尚可改道行駛,現場無實施
暴力或煽惑暴力,亦無群眾受傷等情形,況案發當日警方針
對該次「終結核四、全面廢核」之集會遊行已部署相當之警
力於現場週邊,有臺北市政府警察局中正一分局104年4月24
日北市○○○○○○○○00000000000 號函附安全維護勤務
部屬圖等相關資料在卷可稽(原審卷一第155至158頁),復
參以證人崔企英證稱:臺北市中山南路、忠孝東路口監察院
前廣場維持秩序警力約有50人等語(原審卷一第100 頁),
堪認當時員警尚非不能以其優勢警力掌控維護現場秩序與安
全,警方對於當日之集會活動之現場秩序當能充分掌握,主
管機關應可選擇其他輕微手段達成維護民眾通行之目的,並
無難以維持秩序之疑慮,且現場無任何明顯、立即之危險發
生,此等不便利,仍在民主社會人民所得以忍受之範圍,國
家自應予以尊重,給予其等表達意見之自由空間。故警方認
本次集會遊行已危害公眾交通秩序,即為前揭警告、命令解
散、禁止,執法時顯未衡量限制人民集會自由之利益及當時
影響交通秩序之損害,難認警方所為之解散、制止命令符合
集會遊行法第26條揭櫫之比例原則。
(六)至證人王奕凱臉書之聊天室內雖提及有「86(即被告洪崇晏
)和大哥和蔡教授(即被告蔡丁貴)控場以他們為主」等語
,然查證人王奕凱臉書該篇文章張貼日期為2014年4 月29日
,內容為「"請幫轉"現在大家幫忙癱瘓忠孝東與林森南路口
,一旦有警方驅離就撤回凱道。修正公投,停建核四」等文
字,有證人王奕凱網路臉書資料在卷可稽(原審卷一第56頁
),顯與本次集會遊行之日期為103年4月27日,及被告2 人
經警方舉牌宣告解散之地點即臺北市中山南路、忠孝西路口
迥異;又證人王奕凱於偵查中證稱:伊係103年4月29日下午
才到林森南路、青島東路口,當時是反核四活動,網路上及
PTT 有在傳消息,希望立委可以回到立院開會審核停建核四
,伊到現場之目的是參與抗議,伊有在網路上轉發消息;伊
不知道當天何人提議要癱瘓忠孝東路等語(103 年度偵字第
12451 號卷第41頁反面、42頁),復參以卷附之103年4月29
日中央社新聞、蘋果即時新聞及同年月30日蘋果日報、大紀
元電子日報,均詳載關於103年4月29日反核群眾於臺北市忠
孝東路、林森南路靜坐,表達訴求之相關內容報導(原審卷
一第78至81頁),足認證人王奕凱臉書上所稱之癱瘓道路乙
事顯與本案被告2 人被訴涉犯違反集會遊行之犯行無涉,自
不得以證人王奕凱臉書之內容為不利被告2人之認定。
(七)綜上所述,本件依檢察官提出之證據,無從認定被告2 人成
立起訴書所指上開犯罪,檢察官復未能指出證明之方法,以
說服法院形成被告有罪之確信,自應認被告之犯罪尚屬不能
證明。又檢察官於本院聲請傳喚中正第一分局分局長方仰寧
為證,待證事實為證明方仰寧當時有在現場,及是否授權忠
東所所長崔企英為本件解散命令云云(本院卷第77頁背面)
,惟方仰寧於本件4 次舉牌時間均不在現場,業據原審勘驗
現場蒐證光碟核認屬實(勘驗內容如本判決附件3 ),且集
會遊行法並無主管機關得將解散、制止命令之權限授權下級
或其他行政機關之規定,業據本院認定如前,爰認並無傳喚
該證人之必要,附此敘明。
六、維持原審判決之理由:
(一)原審以被告2 人雖於上開時、地參與集會遊行,然依卷內事
證,警方於103 年4月27日所為4次舉牌命令解散、制止,並
非主管機關即中正第一分局分局長方仰寧所為之行政處分,
亦未合法送達被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏知悉,且有違集會遊行法
第26條之比例原則,以公訴人所為之舉證不能證明被告2 人
犯罪,而為被告2人無罪之諭知,經核並無違誤。
(二)檢察官上訴意旨略以:
1.依集會遊行法第25條之立法意旨「一、第一項明定主管機關
對各款所列情事得為警告、制止或命令解散等行政監督。二
、第二項明定主管機關基於維護治安需要而必須強制時,得
由有關機關協助執行」,可徵集會遊行法第3 條、第25條規
定,乃係確認集會遊行法之主管機關為集會地之警察分局,
而使集會地之警察分局得以就民眾之集會遊行加以監督,維
持社會秩序;集會遊行現場狀況無法事先預期,具有突發性
、臨時性、急迫性,首謀者藉由網路社群、通訊軟體等方式
指揮號召民眾,在同一時間,在不同之多處地點均有群眾集
會遊行之情形,現場指揮官清楚了解現場狀況及實際需要,
倘若要求分局長親自到不同之集會遊行現場始可行使警告、
制止、命令解散等作為,顯然無法妥適並及時處理現場狀況
,是分局長只要依據現場指揮官報告狀況,認為有警告、制
止及命令解散之必要時,即得命令現場指揮官為警告、制止
及解散命令,本案忠孝東路派出所所長崔企英之4 次舉牌命
令解散已經符合集會遊行法第29條之規定。
2.本次集會之地點在臺北市忠孝東路及中山南路口,附近有行
政院、立法院、監察院等國家重要機關,是全國最重要之交
通要道,群眾聚集及繞行將影響洽公及周邊民眾,造成人行
道、車道上之阻塞,妨害國家機關之運作,影響公共利益,
是警方依照現場狀況,衡量參與人數、地點、影響程度等情
,而為警告、命令解散、制止等行政處分,係屬警方裁量權
之行使。依原審勘驗現場蒐證光碟之結果,警方4 次舉牌時
,每次舉牌時間固僅間隔5 分鐘,然臺北市忠孝東路及中山
南路均為臺北市主要交通幹道,各有8 條雙向車道,寬度約
有50米,顯極為寬敞,且緊鄰臺北車站,捷運、公車站亦在
附近,被告等解散群眾集會尚非困難,考量到公共利益及人
民權利之衡平,故警方之舉牌警告等命令已經符合比例原則
,自屬有效之行政處分。又證人崔企英於原審時證稱:「舉
牌當時我有使用舉牌器與擴音器,針對蔡丁貴,分別警告命
令解散制止,全程並有蒐證影帶可稽,對照前蒐證影帶內群
眾的背景,客觀認為,蔡丁貴有接受到本人的意思表示」、
「我4 次宣告均用擴音器並以嘶喊的方式宣讀內容,均有蒐
證影帶可稽,我客觀認為洪崇晏可以聽到我擴音器的宣告內
容」等語,再觀之偵查中檢察官指揮檢察事務官勘驗「忠孝
所長崔企英4 次舉牌」蒐證光碟筆錄,證人崔企英係面向被
告2 人之正面方向,以麥克風及擴音器指明被告蔡丁貴違反
集會遊行法,而警方舉牌時,即便被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏當時
正在演說,惟被告蔡丁貴(4:42:29PM )有正向看往證人崔
企英舉牌方向,應知悉警方有舉牌警告等命令之行為。
3.被告2 人於遊行當時均扮演指揮群眾前進方向、就地而坐,
佔領路口並帶領呼口號,居於領導地位之角色,均足認定渠
等係屬首謀。按集會遊行法第29條所稱之「首謀」,並不限
於首倡謀議之人,凡於集會現場參與指揮群眾,並居於領導
地位之人亦應屬之。被告2 人除以麥克風發表演說外,另有
以麥克風調整現場群眾之位置、帶領群眾呼喊口號,如被告
蔡丁貴調整群眾位置時,群眾有因應移動位置,被告蔡丁貴
、洪崇晏要求群眾一直坐下去時,群眾有鼓掌呼應,被告洪
崇晏要求群眾呼喊口號時,群眾亦有回應呼喊口號,足見被
告2 人確有主持本次活動流程之進行,其對於現場群眾及其
他參與成員具有指揮地位,被告2 人於遊行當時亦扮演指揮
群眾並居於領導地位之角色,均足認定渠等係屬首謀,原審
諭知被告2人無罪,顯有違誤,請予撤銷云云。
(三)惟查:
1.集會遊行法第29條之刑罰規定具行政從屬性,其適用以命令
解散、制止之行政處分合法有效為前提要件,本件無證據足
資證明忠東所所長崔企英有權為解散、制止命令,行政處分
無效,故不得以前開刑責相繩,業據詳述如上,檢察官上訴
意旨雖援引集會遊行法第25條第2 項之立法理由,以主管機
關可由其他機關協助執行同條第1 項之警告、制止或解散命
令,認忠東所所長崔企英得為本件之警告、解散、制止命令
云云,惟集會遊行法第25條第1 項明定得為警告、制止或命
令解散者,以「該管主管機關」為限,同條第2 項規定該管
主管機關得強制為之,可徵集會遊行法第25條第2 項係針對
主管機關依同條第1 項作成命令之執行事項,即行政作為中
之事實行為得為非主管機關之其他機關協助執行,以本件集
會遊行為例,中正第一分局分局長方仰寧應先至現場,依現
場集會遊行對公共空間使用之影響,與集會遊行權利間之均
衡維護,依集會遊行法第26條為公平合理之考量後,若裁量
認有作成警告、解散、制止命令之必要,於作成該行政處分
後,交由現場指揮官即忠東所所長崔企英舉牌送達使行為人
知悉,方符集會遊行法第3 條、第25條規定之意旨。是上訴
意旨以集會遊行法第25條第2 項立法理由敘明主管機關得由
其他機關協助執行主張本件行政處分合法有效,殊屬誤認,
尚無足取。
2.司法院釋字第718 號解釋理由書開宗明義闡明:「憲法第14
條規定人民有集會之自由,旨在保障人民以集體行動之方式
和平表達意見,與社會各界進行溝通對話,以形成或改變公
共意見,並影響、監督政策或法律之制定,係本於主權在民
理念,為實施民主政治以促進思辯、尊重差異,實現憲法兼
容並蓄精神之重要基本人權。為保障該項自由,國家除應提
供適當集會場所,採取有效保護集會之安全措施外,並應在
法律規定與制度設計上使參與集會、遊行者在毫無恐懼的情
況下行使集會自由。以法律限制人民之集會自由,須遵守憲
法第23條之比例原則,方符合憲法保障集會自由之本旨。」
準此,國家為保障人民之集會自由,應提供適當集會場所,
並保護集會、遊行之安全,使其得以順利進行。以法律限制
集會、遊行之權利,必須符合明確性原則與憲法第23條之規
定。從而,依現行集會遊行法之架構,有關集會遊行法之案
件,主管機關受理人民集會遊行申請時,除應遵守憲法第23
條必要性原則外,尚須符合明確性原則,即主管機關決定准
駁申請時,應有明確並充分之理由及相關法令規定為依據。
</span><span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-size: large;"> 而主管機關限制或命令解散人民集會遊行時,</span><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">除應明確蒐證</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: orange;"> 證明被告確有消極聚眾不解散之不作為,並有違反集會遊行
法之犯罪故意外,亦應符合集會遊行法第26條所規定「集會
遊行之不予許可、限制或命令解散,應公平合理考量人民集
會、遊行權利與其他法益間之均衡維護,以適當之方法為之
,不得逾越所欲達成目的之必要限度」之具體化比例原則,
並依照行政程序法及處理集會遊行事件相關法令之規定,始
得以刑事責任相繩,以維護憲法所保障表意自由之基本人權
,並兼顧社會秩序之維護。又具我國內國法律位階之公政公
約第21條亦規定「和平集會之權利,應予確認。除依法律之
規定,且為民主社會維護國家安全或公共安寧、公共秩序、
維持公共衛生或風化、或保障他人權利自由所必要者外,不
得限制此種權利之行使。」益徵人民和平集會之權利(righ
t of peaceful assembly)應予保障,係成熟民主國家加以
完全保障之重要基本人權之一,司法權於適用法律限制人民
此一憲法保障之集會自由權利時,自應兼衡上開公約之解釋
意旨,</span><span style="font-size: medium;">在審酌行為人是否構成集會遊行法第29條之罪,及主
管機關適用集會遊行法第26條執行法令是否符合比例原則時
,應更趨嚴謹,以真正確保憲法賦予人民和平集會自由之基
本人權。本件集會遊行並無任何暴力抗爭,為和平集會,警
方遽舉牌命令警告、解散、制止,有違集會遊行法第26條規
定之比例原則,業如前述。進者,警方每次舉牌時間僅間隔
5 分鐘,然當日現場集會遊行高達2萬8千餘人,有臺北市政
府警察局中正第一分局轄內聚眾活動狀況報告在卷可佐(偵
12998 號卷第5、6頁),在臺北市中山南路、忠孝西路口之
遊行群眾則有上千人,亦經證人崔企英證述明確(原審卷一
第103 頁),顯見當日遊行群眾人數眾多,參與民眾為終結
核四之公共議題自由聚集、表達意見,非屬有紀律、有組織
之團體,尚無可能因任何人下達口令即能立時解散,或於此
一短時間內即可疏散,是警方於15分鐘內密集4 次舉牌,要
求遊行群眾在此一短暫時間內全部散離,顯不具期待可能,
足見警方前開舉牌令群眾解散之方式,不符集會遊行法第26
條規定之「適當之方法」,即難以被告2 人及遊行群眾經警
方下達解散命令後,仍聚集該處未離散,逕認被告2 人有故
意不解散之事實。
3.至檢察官以被告蔡丁貴、洪崇晏於現場發表言論、帶領群眾
呼口號、呼籲民眾坐下等,認渠2 人屬違法不解散之首謀者
乙節,依原審勘驗現場蒐證光碟之結果(如本判決附件3 )
,當日於臺北市中山南路、忠孝西路口除被告蔡丁貴、洪崇
晏曾手持麥克風發表演說、呼喊口號、合唱歌曲外,尚有不
明人士亦手持麥克風發表言論、帶領群眾呼喊口號,是縱被
告2 人於現場發表言論、帶領群眾呼口號等,亦非得據以認
係屬首謀;又警方並未將被告洪崇晏列為舉牌宣告之對象,
經證人崔企英於原審證述明確(原審卷一第105頁反面、107
頁反面、107頁反面、108頁),可見警方當時並未認定被告
洪崇晏為首謀。又被告蔡丁貴斯時雖曾數次要求現場遊行民
眾坐下,惟依原審勘驗現場蒐證光碟結果(勘驗內容如本判
決附件3 ),尚有多數遊行群眾於人群中來往穿梭,另有不
明人士持麥克風持續發表言論,並無因被告蔡丁貴之指示而
坐下,且現場蒐證光碟並無顯示遊行民眾係因被告蔡丁貴、
洪崇晏煽惑始由他處陸續聚集於該路段,進而佔領該路段,
復佐諸本次集會遊行之申請人為蔡中岳,並非被告蔡丁貴、
洪崇晏,而蔡中岳當日亦因涉違反集會遊行法,在臺北市忠
孝西路、公園路口,經中正一分局分局長方仰寧指揮忠西所
所長陳明宗下達解散命令,有原審勘驗筆錄可稽(勘驗內容
如本判決附件2 ),本件尚乏事證足資認定被告蔡丁貴、洪
崇晏為本次集會遊行之首謀,此部分上訴意旨亦難認有據。
(四)本件並無證據證明被告2 人涉犯集會遊行法第29條之罪嫌,
原審判決諭知被告2 人無罪,經核並無不當。檢察官提起上
訴,就原審依職權為證據取捨及心證形成之事項,反覆爭執
,並未有其他積極證據,供本院調查審認,是本件上訴,為
無理由,應予駁回。</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">
據上論斷,應依刑事訴訟法第368 條,判決如主文。
本案經檢察官黃柏齡到庭執行職務。
中 華 民 國 104 年 12 月 31 日
刑事第十五庭 審判長法 官 謝靜慧
法 官 林婷立
法 官 陳美彤
以上正本證明與原本無異。
不得上訴。
書記官 莊佳鈴
中 華 民 國 104 年 12 月 31 日</span></pre>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-75578290596393631942016-01-08T16:31:00.002+08:002018-11-04T14:13:45.378+08:00公民借力-贊助秀春姐國賠裁判費<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">非常抱歉,當大家都把關注焦點放在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">1</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">16</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日大選的時刻,還必須來麻煩大家。相信大家都還記得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">2013</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">7</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">18</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日,劉政鴻趁大埔自救會到台北抗議之際,偷襲強拆大埔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">4</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">戶。其中受害最巨的,自然是來不及將藥房內陳列販賣的藥品、居家物品、嫁妝金飾與紀念照片等搬出的秀春姐與森文大哥。</span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><br /> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">而苗栗縣政府與承攬的德昌營造視張藥房如寇讎,所以,根本沒依規定將屋內活動物品,於拆除前清點搬出並妥善保存。事後,農陣小八糾集包括賴明賢大哥等許許多多志工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">(</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿貴律師在此向這些默默奉獻的無名英雄致上最高敬意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">)</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,花費非常多心血,才勉強從等同垃圾堆的廢棄物堆置物與貨櫃中請裡出一些物品與清單。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依照我國國家賠償法規定,我們必須在侵權行為發生後</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年內求償。所以,我們在</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,有先送出國賠請求書,當然,對方一定不會認錯,因此,拒絕。接著,依規定我們必須在</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個月內(也就是</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日)起訴,否則,就會喪失權利,但民事訴訟,需要依請求金額按比例繳裁判費。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因為目前台中高等行政法院關於返還土地部分,還不會那麼快判決(縱使判決,苗栗縣政府仍可能繼續上訴)。所以,一定必須在</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日前起訴請求國賠。而僅剩的大埔</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戶,朱家與黃家都可以自己支付裁判費,而秀春姐張藥房求償部分,經計算結果,需要繳交新台幣</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">千</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">百零</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">元。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">秀春姐雖說可以去借,但森文大哥過世後,秀春姐已經很辛苦,令人不忍,阿貴律師不想再增加她的負擔。所以,希望發起公民借力活動,呼籲大家一起來捐款贊助,每人小額</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">1,000</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">元以內,隨意樂捐。以下所附【惜根台灣協會】(正式立案登記,理事長為徐世榮教授)帳戶,可以直接匯款、信用卡付款。只要募足款項,我們會立即喊停並公布明細徵信,敬請大家共襄盛舉,秀春姐與阿貴律師在此感謝。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">專案請選取</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">贊助張藥房國賠裁判費</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">捐款帳戶資訊</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">銀行:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國泰世華銀行華山分行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-20183941285257999932016-01-07T18:09:00.002+08:002018-11-04T13:48:37.812+08:00許諾與堅持<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 28.0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">選舉是一時的,守護的許諾,則必須堅持信守。</span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; text-indent: 28pt;">月<span lang="EN-US">16</span>日選舉結果,民進黨與她的側翼,可能是大贏家。雖然民進黨也開始擔憂她們的不分區席次,會否因側翼高吸票效果,而影響到原以為安全的名次。但我們更擔憂的是,社會運動的能量,會否再度急遽弱化?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">此次民進黨選舉的形象廣告,再度拿已被拆掉的張藥房原址當背景之一,但仍支持區段徵收制度的民進黨或蔡英文主席從沒明白表示,執政後願否協助秀春姐重建張藥房,卻一再消費它與她,難免引來諸多攻訐,可說是咎由自取。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">12</span>日台中高等行政法院法官前往大埔現勘並請地政機關測量後,我們又折損了炳坤一位好友。如今,開庭通知來了,<span lang="EN-US">1</span>月<span lang="EN-US">22</span>日即將再度開庭。我們不知選前屢屢與大埔案攀親帶故的參選人,選後還會有多少人肯繼續關心,但阿貴律師與律師團隊絕對會繼續與大埔三戶奮戰到底。也希望公民團體一起持續關注並給予他們三戶家人鼓勵。<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-91704124546002897072016-01-05T22:25:00.001+08:002018-11-04T16:39:46.030+08:00《看雜誌》封面人物~不分藍綠 詹順貴就是要「擋人財路」<h4 style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms", trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">本文亦刊載於2016.01.05</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;"><span style="line-height: 36px;">《</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">看雜誌</span></span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">》</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">封面人物</span></span></b></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: "trebuchet ms", trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: , serif; font-weight: bold;">監督行政機關濫權</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: bold;"> -- </span><span style="font-family: , serif; font-weight: bold;">近年來,不論藍綠執政,為了拚經濟盲目開發,任意犧牲環境或弱勢權益。為此,環境律師詹順貴,二十多年來始終站在權力的對立面,擋下一件又一件的粗糙開發、強徵民地,寫下一篇又一篇「擋人財路也擋己財路」的故事</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms", trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #38761d;">……</span></span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px;"> 如果提到政府徵收民地所引發的抗爭事件,近年來最耳熟能詳的個案非苗栗「大埔事件」不可。但,你或許不知道,大埔事件中被強拆的四戶拆遷戶,包括著名的張藥房,將有很高的機會獲得「遲來的正義」。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 時光回溯到</span><span lang="EN-US">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年。那年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,台中高等法院判決大埔拆遷戶敗訴。但拆遷戶不服,提起上訴,結果最高行政法院</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月間全案發回重審。在</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,台中高等行政法院終於認定該區段徵收不合法,判決苗栗縣政府拆遷違法。但就算居民勝訴,土地卻無法回復原狀,只能聲請國賠。張藥房等四戶希望取回土地,不願聲請國賠,繼續上訴。</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,最高行政法院再度撤銷台中高等法院的判決,並在判決書中點明土地並非無法回復原狀。因此一般預料,下次台中高等法院的判決,很可能會是「還地」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 一路從「拆遷合法」,打官司打到「拆遷違法但不還地」,再打官司到「不僅拆遷違法還有可能要還地」的過程,是由著名的環境律師詹順貴陪著大埔自救會成員一路走來。誓言要瓦解金權政治、裙帶資本主義的他強調:「我們還有下一步,我們要求把房子蓋回來。」<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 15.6px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">就算只有</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.1%</span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">的機會</span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">堅信不放棄就有希望</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 詹順貴運用法律訴訟在環境議題上,已有二十多年的經驗。多年來與戰友們征戰全台對抗各地的粗糙環評,只輸過一次。雲林林內焚化爐、新店安坑垃圾掩埋場、新竹橫山垃圾掩埋場、台東美麗灣渡假村、中科三期等案件,詹順貴連戰皆捷,其中美麗灣渡假村還創下兩度撤銷的紀錄。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 詹順貴認為,面對區段徵收的大埔事件,是他遇過最困難的一次個案救援,「這類徵收幾乎沒有駁回過的案例,區段徵收又是更加的困難。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US"> 2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年初詹順貴即與大埔自救會結緣,當時大埔的浮濫徵收還未廣為人知,他就已經記錄下了苗栗縣政府「封路毀田」前的景致,並接受自救會的委託,義務投入撤銷徵收案。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 「若需要二、三十公頃的土地,為何要徵收到一百五十幾公頃,連竹科後來也說他們從來沒有用地不夠的問題。」詹順貴認為,大埔事件其實就是行政機關濫權、炒地皮,當然要加以挑戰,即使勝率很低。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一路走來,詹順貴長期與農民相處,他們的弱勢與無助,深深烙印在他心中,他感歎地說:「政府眼裡就只有財產權,只會用錢在計算。對農民來說,那代表著他的一生,那是他做為一個人的生活尊嚴。政府一徵收,就斬斷了他們的社會脈絡、人際關係以及精神依靠。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 大埔事件後來不斷延燒,還發生朱馮敏老阿嬤喝農藥自殺、張藥房老闆張森文投水自盡等多起悲劇。背負自救會成員與社會期待的詹順貴,壓力很大。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 「那種無形的壓力,需要一步步去克服,也要讀很多的資料,但就算只有</span><span lang="EN-US">0.1%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的機會,如果你認為政府做得不對、不符合公益性也沒有必要性,我們就有權力對抗。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 或許遲來的正義不是正義,但詹順貴認為,大埔的官司逐漸看到曙光,對整個台灣公民社會應該會起到相當大的教育作用<span lang="EN-US">──</span>「政府浮濫開發、盲目追求效率,是可以挑戰的,而且有機會成功。」<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #666666; font-size: 15.6px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">不分藍綠</span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">擋下所有浮濫開發</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 身為環保運動人士的詹順貴,被不少政府官員貼上「很綠」的標籤,甚至環保署前署長沈世宏還直指他是「民進黨外圍團體」,但其實詹順貴只不過是一直站在權力的對立面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US"> 2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年民進黨執政時,具有環境友善理念的台大教授張國龍出任環保署長,還邀請多位環運人士進入環評委員會,包括詹順貴。</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,時任行政院長的蘇貞昌要求中科三期七星基地的環境影響評估在一個月內完成。詹順貴認為這是公然罔顧專業審查與程序正義,他回想當年:「即便是民進黨,也有經濟開發的壓力,要強行通過就會產生不少爭議,我們就開記者會批政府。」最後他索性提前辭掉環評委員拂袖而去。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 後來,中科三期環評遭到台北高等行政法院、最高行政法院接連撤銷,理由就是開發單位連「健康風險評估」都沒做就營運,違反環評結論。「你看中科三期到現在還在做二階環評,一邊營運一邊做環評,這是不應該存在的。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 曾經進入政府體制內的詹順貴,更體認到開發單位會在環境影響說明書上避重就輕,忽略對自己不利的數字,甚至不惜造假,「為了快速通關,審查內容與過程就會漏洞百出,打贏它並不難。」在環保議題上連戰皆捷的他,並不認為自己多厲害,而是事實會自己說話。<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #666666; font-size: 15.6px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 律師制度的設計,就是讓兩造雙方在法律面前有平等的地位與資源。但律師接案通常不會刻意選擇,因此有時會被稱為是魔鬼代言人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 詹順貴則是刻意選擇了立場,他就是想要保護環境或維護農民權益,「跟這個立場相違背的,我就拒絕接案。當然這樣子也會讓我少賺很多錢。」一些因為汙染而被處罰的企業找上門希望他接受委託時,他都一概拒絕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 因為立場鮮明、形象良好,詹順貴目前得要花上三分之一到一半的時間義務投入在環境運動、徵收個案的救援上,甚至忙到太太偶爾都會抗議一下。他坦言,「非常的累,有時會有筋疲力盡的感覺。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"> 但看到有錢人住台北,汙染都往中南部丟;或是有錢人想要圈地,就去拿農民的土地,詹順貴依舊選擇勇往直前,「看到這麼多應該要改變的事情,就應該有那樣的使命感與熱情去改變這種不公平的現象。」即使再忙、再累也賺不了大錢,但這就是詹順貴一路走來的堅持。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #666666; font-size: 15.6px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-9768466602422373892015-12-28T11:45:00.001+08:002018-11-04T11:32:42.555+08:00司法做不到的,小公民來對抗<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 28.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">一連串的司法判決,讓人感覺司法好像有階級性。對一個屢屢用行賄的不正當手段,攫取公共建設標案巨額利益的財團負責人,為何可以大悖常理地認為他從此不會有再犯之虞?讓他繳交與藉行賄獲取顯不成比例的公益捐,即可以不用坐牢,會否變相鼓勵有錢人可以輕易犯罪,萬一不幸東窗事發,再用錢贖罪?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif;">可見,改變金權政治結構,最終仍得靠公民力量,那怕僅僅是一個小公民,都可以發揮意想不到的力量!連結附檔是一位年輕公民<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/LaFishGalaxy?fref=ts">孫<span lang="EN-US">博<span lang="EN-US">萮</span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span>勇敢單獨挑戰遠雄集團,由阿貴律師團隊提供法律協助,撤銷其環評的環差結論,及時扼阻該集團一件計劃位於洪水期疏洪行水區興建六星級溫泉渡假飯店的案件。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-82060343718057442702015-12-24T20:36:00.002+08:002018-11-04T16:37:52.598+08:00美中夾縫中的台灣自由貿易困境(下) 台灣準備好加入TPP了嗎?<div style="margin-top: 9.0pt;">
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms", trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 36px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">本文亦刊載於2015.12.24</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">《</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">端傳媒</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">》</span><span style="line-height: 16.8px;">觀點</span></span></b></div>
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長期扮演台灣社會安全瓣卻始終未獲政府青睞的中小企業與小農體制,應優先被評估簽訂兩岸貨貿與加入TPP對其造成影響的範圍與程度。</h4>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">相對於馬政府急於向西簽下兩岸貨貿協定,蔡英文上任總統後可預期將會向東積極爭取加入</span><span lang="EN-US">TPP</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。此種因較勁而產生的過度鐘擺現象,難免令人擔憂,已經奄奄一息的台灣中小企業與小農體制農業,將因而葬送最後生機。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">自由市場機制,是建立在假設</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">每個交易行為人都能自由地會設法讓自己所握有限資源作最有效率的使用,讓市場達到最靈活的理性運作,並提供每個交易行為人公平合理的利潤。這是</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">理想狀況,甚至過去被自由主義經濟學家奉為神祇,認為</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">透過這種市場競爭過程,可以不斷提升人類福祉。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但事實上並非如此,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">因為市場交易行為人並非全然理性,加上市場資訊不對稱、資源分布不平均或稀有、經濟規模差異大等因素,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">市場機制經常失靈。尤其歷經</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年次貸金融風暴後,更被湯瑪斯.皮凱提在其全球暢銷書《</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀資本論》中撻伐得體無完膚。</span></div>
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歐美是近代工業革命先驅,也是資本發達國家,一旦消除國與國之間的貿易障礙,歐美那些無論在資本、技術與規模都遙遙領先的跨國企業,便能藉由成本與技術優勢,輕而易舉地擊垮第三世界國家的中小型企業與小農。因此,國際間有不少學者,批評自由貿易不過是歐美跨國企業透過(也可說是操縱)其國家,假藉打破貿易障礙理由,形塑不公平的市場競爭,以攫取更多私人利益的藉口而已。<br />
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<span lang="EN-US">WTO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(世界貿易組織)、</span><span lang="EN-US">World Bank</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(世界銀行)與</span><span lang="EN-US">IMF</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(國際貨幣基金會)正是在上述脈絡下,由國際貿易大國(其實是各該國的跨國貿易企業在背後推動)所成立。所以,</span><span lang="EN-US">WTO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">要求會員國應將攸關基本人權的水電、教育、公共工程、醫療、社會福利與通訊等政府業務全交給自由市場;</span><span lang="EN-US">World Bank</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與</span><span lang="EN-US">IMF</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">則經常將私有化與自由市場化列為對第三世界國家的貸款條件,也就不足為奇了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣於</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年底獲准加入</span><span lang="EN-US">WTO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,當時國家政策研究基金會即預測,至</span><span lang="EN-US">2004</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年單僅農業就業人口即將減少</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人,農地休耕</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬公頃,</span><span lang="EN-US">2004</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年農業產值將較</span><span lang="EN-US">1996</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年減少</span><span lang="EN-US">542</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">億元。以近年來休耕面積約在</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬公頃上下估算,由於農業就業人口轉業相對困難,實際失業人口恐怕遠遠超過</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人,產值更不知減少幾凡。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於有多少台灣中小企業因而關廠歇業?因而減少多少產值、稅收與增加多少失業人口?經濟部一直沒有提供明確資訊。但從過去</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,前往中國投資就業急遽增加的資金人口、目前約</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%的常態性失業率與實質勞動薪資長期停滯甚至倒退、財富快速往大型企業財團集中、貧富差距日益嚴重等現象來看,台灣加入</span><span lang="EN-US">WTO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的代價非常大。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">TPP</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">雖然是美國用以圍堵中國經濟結盟東南亞國家的貿易戰略,但其中仍包藏其跨國企業進一步鯨吞東亞國家經貿利益的禍心。其中</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">開放更多工業化量產或有防疫問題的美國農畜產品進口、智慧財產與新藥簡化上市申請與延長保障等,僅僅是進一步擴大與深化其跨國企業的既得利益。但真正最令人憂心的,是</span><span lang="EN-US">ISDS</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(投資人對地主國爭端解決機制)。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">ISDS</span><span style="font-family: , serif; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">,是基於保障外國投資人權益,以促進投資,讓外國投資人無須經過政府與政府間談判,直接在世界銀行體系下的仲裁機構,與投資所在地主國政府爭訟。其中較受爭議的,是讓投資人得以地主國基於國土規劃、環保、公共衛生與食品安全等公共利益所制訂的法令、政策,導致其利益損失為由,對地主國政府提出仲裁請求賠償。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">以未受國際普遍承認為主權國家的台灣而言,一旦接受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">ISDS</span><span style="font-family: , serif; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">,未來這些具有壟斷市場能力的跨國企業,就有權利直接挑戰台灣諸多會影響其獲利的法令政策,例如主張台灣「限制基因改造食品進口」、「食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫、檢疫措施」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">SPS</span><span style="font-family: , serif; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">)或「食品輻射殘留檢驗」等規定過於嚴苛,損及其商業利潤,如台灣政府不幸敗訴,不是需賠償外國投資人損失,便是必須修改造成損失的法令規定,台灣公共利益極可能因而萬劫不復。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">我們僅能從新聞上看到馬政府消極支持,民進黨蔡英文主席積極支持,但都看不到他們對於</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美國農畜產品進口、智慧財產與新藥簡化上市申請與延長保障等相關細項同意開放的幅度與年期、對國內受衝擊產業與就業人口的彌補配套方案。此外,能否接受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , serif; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">ISDS</span><span style="font-family: , serif; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">?如非接受不可,能同意納入仲裁的項目有哪些?衝擊影響的法令、政策有多少?如何因應?皆未見詳細對國內說明,甚至反向聽聞,已有投機客集結,將藉由民進黨主政下積極加入<span lang="EN-US">TPP</span>的時機,再次將炒地黑手大舉伸入農地。</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">事實上,像台積電這類具有高度國際競爭力的公司,不管台灣有無簽訂兩岸貨貿或加入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">TPP</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">,對它的影響都極為有限。至於已經日薄西山的大型企業,縱使簽訂兩岸貨貿與加入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">TPP</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">,能再苟延殘喘的時日也相當有限。</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">反而過往長期扮演台灣社會安全瓣卻始終未獲政府青睞的中小企業與小農體制,才是應優先評估簽訂兩岸貨貿與加入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">TPP</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">對其影響範圍、程度多大?並據此提出彌補配套方案,以徵得最大共識同意的對象。如果提不出來或提出來的方案,中小企業與小農無法接受,那公民團體將應該反對到底。</span><br />
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<a href="http://thomas0126.blogspot.tw/2015/12/blog-post_16.html" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b>美中夾縫中的台灣自由貿易困境(上)中國與台灣貨貿談判</b></a><br />
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-64895144394761037072015-12-16T19:16:00.000+08:002018-11-04T11:32:42.152+08:00美中夾縫中的台灣自由貿易困境(上)中國與台灣貨貿談判<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 27.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8px;">本文亦刊載於2015.12.16</span><span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16.8px;">《</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8px;">端傳媒</span><span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 16.8px;">》</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 16.8px;">觀點:</span><span style="line-height: 27pt;"> </span><a href="https://theinitium.com/article/20151217-opinion-zhanshungui-06-taiwan_china_trade_negotiation/" target="_blank">貨貿談判能贏得台灣人好感嗎?</a></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">過去中國對台的讓利對象都是兩岸紅頂買辦,台灣人民反受其害,這將會調整嗎?而目前的貨貿談判內容,又有助於進一步贏得台灣人民好感嗎?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">馬習會後,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">21</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">-<span lang="EN-US">23</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">日</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">中國與台灣進行第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">次貨貿協議談判,雙方因為開放產業項目、關稅配額</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">稅率及調適期等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">大議題仍有歧見而結束</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">。但</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">異於往例地立即約定一個月內再談</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">回合</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28pt;">,台灣<span lang="EN-US">2</span>大談判代表國貿局長楊珍妮、工業局長吳明機,甚至主動表示希望年內能有重大進展,顯見於馬英九操之甚急的情況下,年底前的第<span lang="EN-US">13</span>次談判,很可能不管台灣內部質疑聲浪,一定會簽署協議,馬英九為了成就表面政績,極可能會棄守限制中國農產品輸台的底線。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">台灣已確定將積極開放相對較低價的中國<span lang="EN-US">1510</span>項其他工業產品進口,另可能於下次談判時同意開放的有<span lang="EN-US">320</span>項農產加工品、調製食品。僅勉強堅守<span lang="EN-US">707</span>項農產品,但已洩漏期待年底達成協議之下,第<span lang="EN-US">13</span>次談判能否繼續堅守得住?令人堪慮。無論如何,已可預期台灣農產加工業、食品、鋼鐵、紡織、電器電纜、玻璃、陶瓷、橡膠與汽車零件等產業,將哀鴻遍野。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">至於表面上守住的<span lang="EN-US">707</span>項農產品,因其中約有<span lang="EN-US">3</span>成即是作為農產加工品原料,一旦下游農產加工品由中國輸台取代,等同也讓生產這些農產原料的小農喪失生計。台灣政府雖表示將編列預算補助受衝擊企業渡過難關,但市場一旦被搶走,所謂補助,不過就是企業解散的遣散費而已。人民需要的可是企業得以經營,工作可以存續。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">台灣爭取中國開放的是汽車、面板、工具機與石化等產業配額與調降稅率,除工具機是以中型企業為主,且中高階工具機早已列為<span lang="EN-US">ECFA</span>早收清單,低階工具機已無輸中效益外,其他<span lang="EN-US">3</span>大產業幾乎掌握在大型企業集團手中,台灣內部誰會是兩岸貨貿協議的最大獲利者,不言可喻。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">以面板而言,台灣現存<span lang="EN-US">4</span>家,虧損幾乎是常態,其中中華映管早已讓員工長期休無薪假。台灣政府犧牲具有安定社會功能的中小企業,替這種無論技術或經營成本都欠缺競爭力的大型產業爭取輸中配額與降稅,值得嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">再以石化為例,台灣媒體<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月初報導,台塑集團旗下的台塑石化,今年全年將賺新台幣<span lang="EN-US">600</span>億元(上半年稅後是<span lang="EN-US">258</span>億元),而其主力產品乙烯,<span lang="EN-US">90</span>%外銷中國。台灣不產石油,也沒有煤炭可供煉油,進口原油與生煤,提煉、裂解輕油,製成汽、柴油與上游石化原料,如為供民生需用與下游產業鏈原料,固有其正當性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">但如果政府僅是為一家以台灣環境為壑,純以外銷獲利為導向,且大量聘雇廉價外籍勞工,並未肩負支撐下游產業鏈的社會責任,而且還不時藉策略性訴訟威嚇指責其污染環境的學者或受害居民的惡質企業,爭取產品出口中國零關稅、無配額限制,卻犧牲小農與中小企業的生計,台灣民眾觀感又會如何?
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">至於食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施(<span lang="EN-US">SPS</span>),台灣雖有守住,表面上可以對農產加工品、調製品把關,但卻在海關程序上同意中國輸台產品必須在<span lang="EN-US">48</span>小時內通關。可是全台海關的抽檢人力僅有<span lang="EN-US">50</span>人,根本無力在如此短時間內進行一定比例的抽驗,實際上等同放水。這種貨貿協議,根本只是在掏空台灣體質而已。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">中、美兩國,是台灣最大貿易夥伴,偏偏此兩大國不僅爭霸全球,也較勁區域。撇開台灣與中國特殊的政治歷史因素不談,兩大之間難為小,如何在夾縫中求生存、爭自主,確實是台灣政府的嚴苛挑戰。但嚴苛的挑戰也可以是契機,加上攸關不同產業就業人口及其家庭的未來,台灣政府如果能事先在國內公開相關資訊,審慎評估所有利弊得失,並擬定彌補配套措施,廣徵民意,透過民主程序取得民意基礎,於談判過程一則有民意支持,較有籌碼理直氣壯堅持,爭取更好談判結果;二則減少民眾疑慮,未來協議簽定,反對聲浪少,執行方能順遂。可惜馬政府始終無自知之明,一意孤行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">馬政府急著於年底前簽下兩岸貨貿協定,不免讓人懷疑此是否馬習會的代價,可以想見也期待「蔡習會」的蔡英文不僅不會反對,上任總統後又會積極加入<span lang="EN-US">TPP</span>,再讓美國工業化量產的農產品、智慧財產與新藥簡化上市申請與延長保障、以及最恐怖的「投資人-地主國爭端解決機制」(<span lang="EN-US">ISDS</span>)等攻城掠地,台灣自主性將完全崩解(將另文撰寫)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">馬政府不知民間疾苦,正是民間對於台灣明年總統大選,幾乎沒有任何懸念地認為國民黨一定會下台的原因。請問習近平先生,您不是曾檢討說過去對台工作方向有誤,讓利對象都是兩岸紅頂買辦,台灣人民反受其害,將會調整嗎?果真如此,對中國而言屬蠅頭小的台灣市場利,目前的貨貿談判內容,有助於進一步贏得台灣人民好感嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://thomas0126.blogspot.tw/2015/12/tpp.html" target="_blank">美中夾縫中的台灣自由貿易困境(下) 台灣準備好加入TPP了嗎?</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 37.3333px; text-indent: 28pt;"><a href="http://www.logbird.net/lg-31436.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.logbird.net/services/lcounter/counter.php?aut=9a174a05f9f37d990386fbca076b120b57595a64f524a54a390c" title="無料カウンター by ログバード2" /></a></span></div>
獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2547815640290768861.post-92164826655884517582015-12-11T14:56:00.000+08:002018-11-04T16:53:14.645+08:00為史明歐吉桑祈禱<div style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 27.6px; margin-bottom: 6px;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">驚聞史明歐吉桑疑因過度勞累加上天氣轉變劇烈,導致肺積水,於</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日住入嘉義大林慈濟醫院加護病房。希望一生為台灣民主自由獨立建國而犧牲奮鬥的史明歐吉桑,能再次順利康復,親眼見證國民黨再次輪替下台。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日連戰赴中破冰時,史明歐吉桑率領群眾於中山高與桃園機場攔阻並燃放鞭炮抗議,後來被起訴,筆者曾受友人杜文鉁之託,代寫第三審上訴理由書,因而結緣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年正式見面,受歐吉桑之託,處理一些法律事務。蒙歐吉桑多次肯定對台灣環境保護的努力(訝異歐吉桑能侃侃而談個案情節),受寵若驚。後來</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月苗栗大埔事件爆發,因為站在第一線,更不時接到歐吉桑的鼓勵。原來歐吉桑只要是與守護台灣有關的人、事,都會加以注意關心。當然,台灣獨立建國,則是他一生職志。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那些年,曾多次與歐吉桑互相邀宴,帶事務所年輕律師聆聽歐吉桑豐富的人生經歷。自歐吉桑因腎臟疾病日本住院治療康復回台後,近幾年即怕他太操勞而不敢再多加打擾,但從新聞上看到歐吉桑仍不肯閒下來,幾乎全台跑透透,令人敬佩,更令人擔憂。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">最近不如意事已多,衷心盼望歐吉桑能順利康復。不刻意去打擾您休養,但會持續祝禱您身體健康,親眼見證國民黨再次被人民淘汰下台。</span></div>
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獨立蒼茫http://www.blogger.com/profile/05508852910390908959noreply@blogger.com0